Early Years in Machine Translation

Name: Early Years in Machine Translation | Memoirs and biographies of pioneers
Brand: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Memoirs and biographies of pioneers

W. John Hutchins(Herausgeber*in)

John Benjamins Publishing Company

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 4. Dezember 2000

XII, 400 Seiten

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EARLY YEARS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Table of contents
PREFACE
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
Acknowledgements
CYRILLIC TRANSLITERATION
THE FIRST DECADES OF MACHINE TRANSLATION OVERVIEW, CHRONOLOGY, SOURCES
1 Overview
2 Chronology
2.1 Before the computer
2.2 First pioneers: 1947-1954
2.3 Age of innovation and enthusiasm: 1954-1959
2.4 Age of growing sophistication and disillusion: 1960-1964
2.5 The ALPA C report and its impact: 1966-1975
3 Sources for the early history of machine translation (to 1970)
3.1 Bibliographies
3.2 Journals specifically devoted to MT
3.3 Collections and conferences
3.4 Other selected contemporary sources
3.5 Selected later historical treatments of the period
Biographical details of the author
WARREN WEAVER AND THE LAUNCHING OF MT BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
1 The background
2 The memorandum
3 Selected writings by Warren Weaver (in date order)
4 Other references
ERWIN REIFLER AND MACHINE TRANSLATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
Selected Publications by Erwin Reifler and by other members of the University of Washington group on MT (in date order)
Other references
Biographical details of the author
MACHINE TRANSLATION AT HARVARD
1 The beginnings
2 Research at Harvard
3 Contacts with other researchers
4 Disengagement
Selected Publications by Anthony G. Oettinger and other members of the Harvard MTproject (in date order)
Other references
Biographical details of the author
EARLY RESEARCH AT M.I.T. IN SEARCH OF ADEQUATE THEORY
1 MT and the promise of linguistics
1.1 The promise of the machine
1.2 Word-for-word translation
1.3 Problems with word-for-word translation.
1.4 The focus on syntax.
1.5 The linguistic background.
2 Early research
2.2 Structural ideas.
2.3 The sample translation algorithm.
2.4 Gap analysis.
2.5 The two-step approach.
2.6 The journal MT.
2.1 The partial translation experiment
3 An expanded program
3.1 A framework for mechanical translation
3.2 The COMIT programming effort.
3.3 The COMIT Language.
3.4 The simple sentence-producing algorithm.
3.5 Grammar testing by random generation of sentences.
3.6 A professional society.
4 Results from computer grammars
4.1 The depth hypothesis.
4.2 Testing the depth hypothesis.
4.3 The depth hypothesis and linguistic theory
4.4 What kind of grammar?
4.5 Results using COMIT.
5 Whither linguistics?
6 Selected publications by Victor H. Yngve on MT and related fields (in date order)
7 Other references
Biographical details of author
THE GEORGETOWN PROJECT AND LÉON DOSTERT RECOLLECTIONS OF A YOUNG ASSISTANT
1 My initiation
2 The director
3 The Georgetown MT project
4 The Pentagon demonstration
5 The Congressional hearings
6 Final thoughts
7 Selected writings by Léon Dostert on MT (in date order)
8 Other references
Biographical details of the author
IS FAHQ (M) T IMPOSSIBLE? MEMORIES OF PAUL GARVIN AND OTHER MT COLLEAGUES
1 Prolog: or How I became a MT pioneer by chance
2 Early years, early experiments
2.1 Early times at Georgetown
2.2 Computability and computing ability
2.3 Hansel and Gretel at the computer
2.4 Collaboration with Wayne State University
3 Moving on
3.1 Work at Ramo- Wooldridge and successor corporations
3.2 Machine translation in the Synthetic Intelligence Department
4 Epilog: Is FAHQT possible?
5 Selected publications by Paul Lucian Garvin4 on MT (in date order)
6 Other references
Biographical details of the author
THE EARLY DAYS OF GAT-SLC
1 Early years
2 Description of GAT-SLC
2.1 The principal GAT stages and transliteration
2.2 Syntactic level
2.3 Kernel sentences
2.4 Syntagmatic Relations
2.5 Word-form ambiguities
3 Semantics and extralinguistic situation
4 What about the future?
4.1 Using GAT methods
4.2 Commercialization
4.3 Rediscovery of wheels
5 Selected Publications of Michael Zarechnak on MT and related areas (in date order)
6 Other references
Biographical details of author
MACHINE TRANSLATION JUST A QUESTION OF FINDING THE RIGHT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?
Papers by Antony F.R.Brown (in date order)
Biographical details of the author
FROM SERNA TO SYSTRAN
Selected publications of Peter P. Toma (in date order)
Other references
Biographical details of the author
MY EARLY YEARS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION
1 Previous background
2 The way into MT
3 Procedures towards an operational system
3.1 Communication with the computer
3.2 The early computers
3.3 The early software
3.4 Control of language
4 The situation at the time in computational linguistic research
5 Suspension of research as a result of the ALPAC report
6 Epilogue
7 Selected publications by W. P. Lehmann on MT and related fields (in date order)
8 Other References
Biographical details of the author
DAVID G. HAYS
Select list of publications by David G. Hays (in date order)
Other references
Biographical details of the author
GILBERT W. KING AND THE IBM-USAF TRANSLATOR
1 The photoscopic store
2 Probabilities, the lexicon and 'stuffing'
3 Results
4 Final judgment
5 Publications by G. W. King and others at IBM (in date order)
6 Other references
TRANSLATION AND THE STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE
1 Background
2 Establishing the Berkeley MT project
3 Computers
4 Partitioning the dictionary
5 Concordances and text analysis
6 Other activity
6.1 Theory
6.2 Chinese
6.3 English
6.4 Automated text analysis
6.5 Machine-aided translation
7 Relationships with other projects
8 The dispersion of the investigators
9 Programming strategy and Relational Networks
10 Selected publications by Sydney M Lamb and others of the Berkeley MT project
11 Other references
Biographical details of author
PIONEERING MT IN THE SOVIET UNION
Selected Publications by Ol'ga Sergeevna Kulagina (in date orde
Other references
MACHINE TRANSLATION AND FORMAL LINGUISTICS IN THE USSR
1 Beginnings and first encounters
2 Meetings and publications
3 Interlingua and formal linguistics
4 Linguistics and MT
5 Influences from outside Russia
6 ALPAC, the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, and after
7 Selected publications on MT and computational linguistics by Igor A. Mel'cuk (in date order)
8 Books (and selected articles) on linguistics by Igor A.MeVcuk
9 Other references
Biographical details of the author.
MY MEMOIRS OF MT IN THE SOVIET UNION
Selected publications of T.N. Molosnaja (in date order)
Biographical details of the author
MT IN THE FORMER USSR AND IN THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES (NIS) PREHISTORY, ROMANTIC ERA, PROSAIC TIME
1 Pre-history
2 Romantic era
3 Prosaic time
3.1 Theoretical investigations
3.2 Linguistic automaton
3.3 Linguistic strategy for the development of LINGTON.
4 Epilogue
5 References
Biographical information about the author
MACHINE TRANSLATION EARLY YEARS IN THE USSR
1 Some biographical details.
2 The beginning of machine translation
3 What were the principles?
4 The convenient programming language.
5 Other MT systems of that time, and co-operation.
6 Selected publications by Jurij N. Marcu
7 Other references
Biographical details of author
THE BEGINNINGS OF MT
1 Origins
2 London 1948 - 1962
3 Saskatchewan 1962-1972.
4 Lakehead University 1972-1978.
5 Retirement 1978 and after
6 50 years of progress?
7 Selected publications by Andrew Donald Booth and Kathleen H. V. Booth on machine translation (in date order)
8 Selected books on computing by A.D.Booth and K.H. V.Booth
9 Other references
Biographical details of the authors
RH. RICHENS TRANSLATION IN THE NUDE
1 Richens' key papers
1.1 'Preprogramming for machine translation'
1.2 'A general programme for mechanical translation..'
1.3 'The thirteen steps'
1.4 'Interlingual machine translation'
1.5 'Tigris and Euphrates'
2 The thesaurus
3 The interlingua NUDE
4 Commentary
5 Later developments
6 Publications of Richard H. Richens (in date order)
7 Other references
Biographical details of the author
MARGARET MASTERMAN
1 Personal background
2 The Cambridge Language Research Unit
3 Themes in the work of Margaret Masterman: an assessment
3.1 Ideograms
3.2 Lattices and fans.
3.3 Thesauri and the use of large scale language resources
3.4 The use of interlinguas
3.5 The centrality of machine translation as a task
3.6 Parsing text by semantic methods.
3.7 Breath groups, repetition and rhetoric.
3.8 Metaphor as normal usage.
3.9 The overarching goal: a Wittgensteinian computational linguistics.
4 Selected publications by Margaret Masterman (in date order)
5 Other references
Biographical details of author
YEHOSHUA BAR-HILLEL A PHILOSOPHER'S CONTRIBUTION TO MACHINE TRANSLATION
1 From Jerusalem to MIT
2 Research appointment at MIT, 1951-1953
3 The first MT conference
4 Survey of MT, 1958-60
5 From 1961 to 1964
6 Final thoughts on MT
7 Conclusion
8 Selected writings by Yehoshua Bar-Hillel on MT and related topics
9 Other references
SILVIO CECCATO AND THE CORRELATIONAL GRAMMAR
1 Foreword
2 MT Research at the Milan Center for Cybernetics
3 A syntax of mental relations
4 The planned computer system
5 The brief life of Adam the 2nd
6 Correlational grammar in sentence analysis
7 Development of the "Multistore System
8 A second phase in Georgia
9 Enter the chimpanzee Lana
10 Concluding Remarks
11 Selected bibliography of Silvio Ceccato and members of the Italian Operational School (in date order)
12 Other references
Biographical details of the author
EARLY MT IN FRANCE
Selected publications by Maurice Gross on MT, and related fields
Biographical details of the author
BERNARD VAUQUOIS' CONTRIBUTION TO THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BUILDING MT SYSTEMS A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1 Introduction
2 Vauquois as a researcher: the ideas behind MT systems
2.1 1960-65: the enlightened application of the theory of formal languages
2.2 1965-70: the integration of modern linguistic theories
2.3 1970-75: modular grammars and heuristic methods
2.4 1975-80: the "multilevel" structural descriptors
2.5 1980-85: the "static grammars'', a specification language
2.6 1985: the last goal - towards a new treatment of ambiguity
3 Vauquois as an implementer: the methodology of building MT systems
3.1. Erudition, eclecticism and pragmatism in linguistics
3.2 Adequate computer "metalanguages
3.3 The emergence of lingware engineering
4 Vauquois as a professor
4.1 Pedagogical activity
4.2 International influence
4.3 Concrete academic co-operation
5 Conclusion
6 Select list of publications by Bernard Vauquois (in date order)
7 Other references
PIONEER WORK IN MACHINE TRANSLATION IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Selected publications on MT and related fields in Czechoslovakia
Books by Petr Sgall on linguistics
Other references
Biographical details of the author
ALEXANDER LJUDSKANOV
1 A visiting card
2 Those were the days
3 Roots
4 Starting points
5 Formation of the team
6 Good career in alien surroundings
7 MT practice
8 Theoretical issues
9 Popularization of MT
10 The Bulgarian bridge between East and West
11 Through the gap in the curtain
12 Participation in international associations
13 The Varna conference: his swan song
14 A too early end
15 His heritage
16 Select publications by Alexander Konstantinov Ljudskanov
17 Other references
MEMOIRS OF A SURVIVOR
1 Background
2 Implementation
2.1 Dictionaries and tables
2.2 Translation process
2.3 Structure of Japanese
2.4 Hardware
2.5 Optical character reader
3 Results
4 Finale
4.1 Establishment of the IPS of Japan
4.2 Familiarization of linguists with Y amato
4.3 ISO code
4.4 U.S.-Japan machine translation seminars
4.5 Cooperation toward the formation of lCCL
5 Other prominent Japanese researchers
5.1 Kana-kanji transformation
5.2 Optical character reader
6 References
Biographical details of author
INDEX OF NAMES
INDEX OF SUBJECTS

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