Advances in Smart Nanomaterials and their Applications

List of contributors xv About the editors xix Preface xxi Key features xxiii 1. Nanomaterials: introduction, synthesis, characterization, and applications 1 Tadege Belay, Limenew Abate Worku, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, Archana Bachheti and Azamal Husen Abbreviations 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Classification of nanomaterials 3 1.2.1 Carbon-based nanoparticles 3 1.3 Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles 5 1.3.1 Ceramics nanoparticles 6 1.3.2 Semiconductor nanoparticles 7 1.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 7 1.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticles 7 1.4 Properties of nanomaterials 7 1.5 Synthesis of nanoparticles 8 1.6 Factors affecting the synthesis of nanomaterials 9 1.6.1 Particular method 9 1.6.2 pH 9 1.6.3 Temperature 9 1.6.4 Pressure 12 1.6.5 Time 12 1.6.6 Preparation cost 12 1.6.7 Particle size and shape 12 1.6.8 Pore size 12 1.6.9 Environment 13 1.6.10 Proximity 13 1.6.11 Other factors 13 1.7 Characterization techniques 13 1.8 Applications of nanomaterials 15 1.9 Conclusion 16 References 17 2. Smart nanomaterials in the medical industry 23 Ankush D. Sontakke, Deepti, Niladri Shekhar Samanta and Mihir K. Purkait 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Classification of smart nanomaterials 26 2.2.1 Physical responsive nanomaterials 27 2.2.2 Chemical responsive nanomaterials 29 2.2.3 Biological responsive nanomaterials 31 2.3 Significance and adaptability of smart nanomaterials for the medical industry 32 2.4 Smart nanomaterials and their potential use in the medical industry 33 2.4.1 Carbon-based smart nanomaterials 33 2.4.2 Inorganic smart nanomaterials 35 2.4.3 Polymeric smart nanomaterials 37 2.5 Applications of smart nanomaterials in the medical industry 38 2.5.1 Multifunctional drug delivery system 38 2.5.2 Tissue engineering 39 2.5.3 Biosensing and bioimaging 40 2.5.4 Photodynamic therapy 41 2.5.5 Magnetic resonance imaging 42 2.5.6 Toxicological aspects of smart nanomaterials 43 2.6 Challenges and future prospective 44 2.7 Conclusion 44 References 45 3. Nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 51 Xing Gao, En Ren, Chengchao Chu, Yun Zeng and Gang Liu 3.1 Introduction 51 3.1.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma 51 3.1.2 Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 53 3.1.3 Lipiodol 53 3.1.4 Nanomedicine 54 3.2 Nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations 55 3.2.1 Coarse emulsions 55 3.2.2 Pickering emulsion 56 3.2.3 Homogeneous formulation 56 3.3 Functions and applications of nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations 57 3.3.1 Drug delivery 57 3.3.2 Imaging 58 3.3.3 Precise surgical navigation 62 3.3.4 Combined therapy 64 3.4 Conclusions and perspectives 67 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 4. Role of nanotechnology in cancer therapies: recent advances, current issues, and approaches 73 Madhusudhan Alle and Md. Adnan 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Photothermal therapy 77 4.3 Photodynamic therapy 78 4.4 Sonodynamic therapy 79 4.4.1 Mechanism of sonodynamic therapy 80 4.4.2 Sonosensitizers 81 4.5 Starvation therapy 82 4.5.1 Glucose oxidase-mediated cancer starvation therapy 84 4.5.2 Glucose oxidase-based cancer monotherapy 84 4.5.3 Synergistic starvation/chemotherapy 84 4.5.4 Glucose oxidase-inducing cancer starvation and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy 85 4.6 Cancer immunotherapy 85 4.6.1 Cancer-immunity cycle 86 4.6.2 Nanomaterials cancer immunotherapy 87 4.7 Conclusion 88 References 88 5. Lipid-based cubosome nanoparticle mediated efficient and controlled vesicular drug delivery for cancer therapy 97 Rittick Mondal, Harshita Shand, Anoop Kumar, Hanen Sellami, Suvankar Ghorai, Amit Kumar Mandal and Azamal Husen 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Structure and advantages of cubosome nanoparticles 98 5.3 Synthesis of cubosome nanoparticles 98 5.3.1 Topdown techniques 99 5.3.2 Bottomup techniques 100 5.4 Characterization of cubosome nanoparticles 100 5.5 Application of cubosome nanoparticles as an anticancer drug delivery carrier 101 5.6 The future aspect of cubosome nanoparticles 103 5.7 Conclusion 104 References 105 6.