The American Presidency

Name: The American Presidency | An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics
Brand: Princeton University Press
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An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics

William G. Howell(Autor*in)

Princeton University Press

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Erschienen am 25. Januar 2023

664 Seiten

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978-0-691-22559-3 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction: Thinking Institutionally about an American Presidency
0.1 The Personal President
0.1.1 The Personal President: Pundits
0.1.2 The Personal President: Academics
0.1.3 The Personal President: A Brief Critique
0.2 The Institutional Presidency
0.2.1 What Is an Institution?
0.2.2 What Is the Institutional Presidency?
0.2.3 What Is an Institutional Approach to Studying the Presidency?
0.3 Outline of the Book
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
Part I. Foundations
1. Constitutional Origins
1.1 The Articles of Confederation
1.1.1 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
1.1.2 The Call to Amend the Articles of Confederation
1.2 An American Presidency, Defined
1.2.1 Executive Independence
1.2.2 Executive Responsibilities, Divided and Shared
1.2.3 A Singular Executive
1.2.4 Executive Selection and Succession
1.3 Textual Meanings
1.3.1 Ambiguity
1.3.2 Silence
1.3.3 Context and Meaning
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
2. The Ascendance of an Institutional Presidency
2.1 Nineteenth-Century Presidents
2.2 The Progressive Era and Institutional Change
2.2.1 Theodore Roosevelt's Stewardship
2.2.2 Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism Continued
2.3 Scientific Management and Institutional Change
2.3.1 A Brief, and Ultimately Discredited, Conservative Resurgence
2.3.2 Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Engineering a New American State
2.4 War and Institutional Change
2.4.1 World War I
2.4.2 World War II
2.5 The Long Civil Rights Movement and Institutional Change
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
3. The Modern Institutional Presidency
3.1 The Basic Architecture
3.1.1 The Executive Office of the President
3.1.2 The Cabinet
3.1.3 Independent Agencies and Government Corporations
3.2 Partners to the President
3.2.1 The Office of the Vice President
3.2.2 The Office of the First Spouse
3.3 For Any Policy, a Crowded Field of Institutions
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
4. Power and the Institutional Presidency
4.1 What Is Political "Power"?
4.2 Great Expectations
4.3 Power and Executive Action
4.4 Evaluating the President's Powers
4.4.1 Constitutionally Enumerated Powers
4.4.2 Additional Sources of Power
4.5 Constraints and Backlash
4.6 An Enduring Interest in Power
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
Part II. Selection
5. The Nomination of Presidential Candidates
5.1 Presidential Nominations: Institutions of the Past
5.1.1 King Caucus: 1796-1824
5.1.2 National Party Conventions, Local Control: 1832-1912
5.1.3 Trial-and-Error Primaries: 1912-1968
5.2 Presidential Nominations: The Modern Institution
5.2.1 The Pool of Primary Candidates
5.2.2 Open Primaries, Closed Primaries, and Caucuses
5.2.3 The Primary Electorate
5.2.4 The Nominating Season
5.2.5 Allocation of Delegates
5.2.6 Party Conventions
5.3 Institutional Biases in Candidate Selection
5.3.1 The Early State Advantage
5.3.2 The Influence of Parties
5.4 Campaign Spending
5.4.1 Money Matters
5.4.2 Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
5.5 Selecting a Running Mate
5.5.1 Balancing the Ticket
5.5.2 Battleground Magnates
5.5.3 Descriptive Representation
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
6. General Elections
6.1 Presidential Electorates
6.1.1 Tacking to the Ideological Middle
6.1.2 Swing States
6.1.3 Appealing to a Changing National Electorate
6.2 The Economy and the Presidential Vote
6.2.1 Pocketbook Versus Sociotropic Voting
6.2.2 Implications for Candidate Strategy
6.3 The Small, but Consequential, Effects of Campaigns
6.3.1 Campaign Advertising
6.3.2 Presidential Debates
6.3.3 Campaign Scandals
6.3.4 October Surprises
6.4 Declaring a Winner
6.4.1 Counting Votes, Certifying Elections
6.4.2 Contested Elections
6.4.3 Democratic Vulnerabilities
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
7. Transitions of Governance
7.1 Planning the Transition
7.1.1 Pre-Election Planning
7.1.2 Personnel Decisions
7.1.3 Prepping a Policy Agenda
7.2 Managing Campaign and Party Operatives
7.2.1 Campaign Operatives
7.2.2 When Campaigners Don't Help in Governance
7.2.3 Intraparty Rivals
7.3 Soliciting Help from the Outgoing Administration
7.3.1 Responding to Events in Real Time
7.3.2 Information Transfers
7.3.3 When Cooperation Proves Difficult
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
Part III. Governance
8. Relations with Congress
8.1 Power through Persuasion
8.1.1 An Archetypal Case: LBJ and the Civil Rights Act
8.1.2 The Limits of Persuasion
8.1.3 The Subjects of Persuasion
8.2 Predicting Legislative Success and Failure
8.2.1 Timing
8.2.2 Unified versus Divided Government
8.2.3 Party Polarization
8.2.4 Nationalized Politics
8.2.5 Foreign versus Domestic Policy
8.3 Veto Politics
8.3.1 Vetoes and Overrides
8.3.2 Veto Threats and Concessions
8.3.3 The Line-Item Veto
8.4 Appropriations
8.4.1 Proposing a Budget: Ex Ante Influence
8.4.2 Manipulating the Budget: Ex Post Influence
8.4.3 Impoundment Authority
8.5 Battles over Institutional Power
8.5.1 Congressional Delegations of Authority
8.5.2 Congressional Oversight
8.5.3 Attempting to Dismantle Presidential Power: The Bricker Amendment
8.6 Removing the President from Office
8.6.1 The Purposes of Impeachment
8.6.2 Johnson's Impeachment
8.6.3 Nixon's Resignation
8.6.4 Clinton's Impeachment
8.6.5 Trump's First Impeachment
8.6.6 Trump's Second Impeachment
8.6.7 The Politics of Impeachment
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
9. Unilateral Powers
9.1 Power without Persuasion
9.1.1 Unilateral Directives
9.1.2 Unilateral Decisions
9.1.3 Trends in Unilateral Activity
9.2 The Legal Basis for Unilateral Action
9.2.1 Constitutional Authority
9.2.2 Statutory Authority
9.2.3 Emergency Powers
9.3 Institutional Checks on Unilateral Action
9.3.1 Reporting Requirements
9.3.2 Budgets
9.3.3 Bureaucratic Resistance
9.3.4 Presidents Checking Presidents
9.3.5 The Public as a Final Line of Defense?
9.4 The Demonstration of Presidential Influence
9.4.1 The Strategic Exercise of Unilateral Powers
9.4.2 Implementing Public Policy
9.4.3 Enhanced Control over the Bureaucracy
9.4.4 Getting onto the Legislative Agenda
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
10. Control of the Bureaucracy
10.1 Administrative and Political Problems
10.1.1 The Long History of Administrative Reform
10.1.2 Enter Politics
10.1.3 Whose Bureaucracy?
10.2 Politicization
10.2.1 What Politicization Looks Like
10.2.2 Opportunities for Politicization
10.2.3 When Do Presidents Politicize?
10.2.4 Politicization's Close Cousin: Patronage
10.3 Centralization
10.3.1 White House Staff
10.3.2 Policy Czars
10.3.3 When Do Presidents Centralize?
10.4 Bureaucratic Redesign: Cutting, Restructuring, and Creating Anew
10.5 Downsides, Limitations, and Scandal
10.5.1 Downsides
10.5.2 Limitations
10.5.3 Scandal
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
11. Relations with the Federal Judiciary
11.1 Foundations of Judicial Decision Making
11.1.1 Applying Legal Norms and Principles
11.1.2 Ideological Convictions
11.1.3 Concerns about Institutional Legitimacy
11.1.4 In Practice, More than One Motivation
11.2 Implications for Cases Involving the President
11.2.1 Political Question Doctrine
11.2.2 The "Zone of Twilight"
11.2.3 Chevron Deference
11.3 Taking on the President
11.3.1 Challenging an Executive's Special Privileges
11.3.2 Challenging an Executive's Newly Acquired Powers
11.3.3 Suing the President
11.3.4 Striking Down a President's Policy
11.4 All the President's Lawyers
11.4.1 Lending Advice and Legal Cover
11.4.2 Representing the President in the Federal Judiciary
11.5 Judicial Nominations
11.5.1 Appointing Co-Partisans to the Bench
11.5.2 Selecting Judges with Expansive Views of Presidential Power
11.5.3 The Politics of District and Appellate Court Nominations
11.5.4 Increasingly Partisan Supreme Court Nominations
11.5.5 Eroding Norms of Consideration
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
Part IV. Media and Public
12. Relations with the Media
12.1 Foundations of the Plebiscitary Presidency
12.2 New Media Technologies
12.2.1 Radio
12.2.2 Television
12.2.3 Digital Media
12.3 The Modern Media Landscape
12.3.1 An Increasingly Polarized Viewing Audience?
12.3.2 Political Disinformation
12.4 Institutionalizing Presidential Relations with the Press
12.4.1 The President's Press Operation
12.4.2 The White House Press Corps
12.5 Navigating the Media Landscape
12.5.1 Constraining the Press
12.5.2 Managing Information Flows
12.5.3 Working around the Press
12.6 The Media: Watchdog or Lapdog?
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
13. Public Opinion
13.1 Foundations of Public Opinion
13.1.1 Party Membership
13.1.2 Issue Positions
13.1.3 Political Elites
13.1.4 Economic Evaluations
13.2 The Shape of Public Opinion
13.2.1 General Decline
13.2.2 Rally Effects
13.3 Taking Stock of Public Opinion
13.3.1 White House Polls
13.3.2 Putting Polls (and the Public) to Use
13.3.3 The Measured Significance of Public Opinion
13.4 Influencing Public Opinion
13.4.1 Evaluations of Presidential Policies
13.4.2 Evaluations of Presidents
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
Part V. Policy
14. Domestic Policy
14.1 A National Outlook
14.1.1 Case Study: Trillions in Pandemic Relief
14.2 Power Considerations
14.2.1 Case Study: Budgetary Powers
14.3 Legacy
14.3.1 Case Study: Harry Truman and Civil Rights
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
15. Foreign Policy
15.1 Presidential Advantages in Foreign Policy
15.1.1 Military Capabilities
15.1.2 Economic Considerations
15.2 International Constraints on Foreign Policymaking
15.2.1 Alliances
15.2.2 International Law
15.3 Domestic Constraints on Foreign Policymaking
15.3.1 Formal Congressional Checks on Presidential Foreign Policymaking
15.3.2 Informal Congressional Checks on Presidential Foreign Policymaking
15.3.3 Intrabranch Checks on Presidential Foreign Policymaking
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
16. Wartime Policymaking at Home
16.1 War and Presidential Power: A Brief Intellectual History
16.2 Evidence That Wars Expand Presidential Influence
16.2.1 Wartime Appropriations
16.2.2 Congressional Voting in War and Peace
16.3 Three Cases of Wartime Policymaking at Home
16.3.1 World War II
16.3.2 The Vietnam War and Johnson's Great Society
16.3.3 September 11, 2001, and Thereafter
Conclusion
Key Terms, Questions for Discussion, Suggested Readings, and Notes
Appendix A: Presidents and Congresses, 1789-2016
Appendix B: Articles I-III of the Constitution
Appendix C: Federalist Papers 69-73
Glossary
Index

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