Trace Elements in Soils

Name: Trace Elements in Soils
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
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Peter Hooda(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

Erschienen am 20. August 2010

616 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Trace Elements in Soils
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
SECTION 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES, PROCESSES, SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS
1 Introduction
References
2 Trace Elements: General Soil Chemistry, Principles and Processes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Distribution of Trace Elements in the Soil
2.3 Chemical Species
2.4 Sorption and Desorption
2.4.1 Sorption Mechanisms
2.4.2 Sorption Isotherms
2.5 Precipitation and Dissolution
2.6 Mobilization of Trace Elements
2.6.1 pH and Redox Potential
2.6.2 Influence of Soil Constituents
2.7 Transport
2.8 Plant Uptake
2.9 Concluding Remarks
References
3 Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil Sampling
3.3 Errors Associated with Soil Sampling and Preparation
3.4 Overview of the Current Situation
3.5 Scale and Variability
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Total Analysis
4.2.1 Matrix Dissolution
4.2.2 Instrumental Analysis Techniques
4.2.3 Nondestructive Methods
4.3 Fractionation of Trace Elements
4.3.1 Single Extractions
4.3.2 Sequential Extraction Procedures
4.3.3 Fractionation Based on Particle Size
4.4 Species-Retaining and Species-Selective Leaching Techniques
4.5 Equipment for Direct Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 Fractionation and Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil Solution
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Soil Solution Sampling, Storage and Filtration
5.3 Particle Size Fractionation
5.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
5.5 Ion-Exchange Resins and Solid-Phase Extraction
5.6 Derivatization Techniques to Create Volatile Species
5.7 Chromatographic Separation of Trace Element Species
5.8 Capillary Electrophoresis
5.9 Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films
5.10 Ion-Selective Electrodes
5.11 Donnan Membrane Technique
5.12 Voltammetric Techniques
5.13 Microelectrodes and Microsensors
5.14 Models for Predicting Metal Speciation in Soil Solution
5.15 Conclusions
References
SECTION 2 LONG-TERM ISSUES, IMPACTS AND PREDICTIVE MODELLING
6 Trace Elements in Biosolids-Amended Soils
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biosolids-Borne Trace Elements in Soils
6.2.1 Land Application and Trace Element Loading
6.2.2 Trace Element Availability in Biosolids-Amended Soils - A Time Bomb?
6.2.3 Plant Response to Trace Elements in Biosolids-Amended Soils - Is There a Plateau?
6.3 Assessing Availability of Trace Elements in Biosolids-Amended Soils
6.3.1 Source Assessment
6.3.2 End Measurement
6.4 Long-Term Availability Pool Assessment through a Root Exudates-Based Model
6.4.1 Rationale for Root Exudate-Based Trace Element Phytoavailability
6.4.2 Case Studies
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Fertilizer-Borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phosphatic Fertilizers
7.3 Micronutrient Fertilizers
7.4 Long-Term Accumulation of Fertilizer-Borne Trace Element Contaminants
7.5 Trace Element Contaminant Transfer to Crops and Grazing Animals
7.5.1 Arsenic
7.5.2 Cadmium
7.5.3 Fluorine
7.5.4 Lead
7.5.5 Uranium
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil-Dwelling Species and Their Communities
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hazards and Consequences of Trace Metal Exposure
8.2.1 Effects on Individuals, Risk Assessment and the Prediction of Population Effects
8.2.2 Populations and Communities
8.3 Routes of Exposure, Uptake and Detoxification
8.3.1 Uptake Routes and Speciation Models
8.3.2 Toxicokinetics and Compartment Models
8.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Detoxification and Effect
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 Trace Element-Deficient Soils
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Concept of Trace Element-Deficient Soils
9.2.1 The Role of Trace Elements as Essential Micronutrients
9.2.2 Soil Trace Element Concentrations and Micronutrient Deficiencies
9.2.3 Trace Element Deficiency as a Disturbance-Related Concept
9.3 Methods to Identify and Map Soil Trace Element Deficiencies
9.3.1 Detection and Diagnosis of Trace Element Deficiency
9.3.2 Mapping of Trace Element Deficiencies
9.4 Soil Factors Associated with Trace Element Deficiencies
9.4.1 General Relationships between Soil Factors and Micronutrient Deficiencies
9.4.2 Boron
9.4.3 Cobalt
9.4.4 Copper
9.4.5 Iron
9.4.6 Manganese
9.4.7 Molybdenum
9.4.8 Selenium
9.4.9 Zinc
9.4.10 Other Micronutrients
9.5 Treatment of Soils Deficient in Trace Elements
References
10 Application of Chemical Speciation Modelling to Studies on Toxic Element Behaviour in Soils
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Structure of Chemical Speciation Models
10.3 The Species/Component Matrix
10.4 Aqueous Speciation Modelling
10.4.1 Calculating the Concentration of Soluble Species of Toxic Elements
10.5 Modelling of Surface Complexation to Mineral Surfaces
10.5.1 Proton and Toxic Element Binding to Oxide Minerals
10.5.2 Proton and Toxic Element Binding to Clay Minerals
10.6 Modelling of Surface Complexation to Soil Organic Matter
10.7 Discussion
References
SECTION 3 BIOAVAILABILITY, RISK ASSESSMENT AND REMEDIATION
11 Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Speciation, Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation: Definitions and Concepts
11.3 Bioavailability Assessment Approaches
11.3.1 Single Chemical Extraction Procedures
11.3.2 Sequential Extraction Procedures
11.3.3 Soil Solution Concentration and Speciation
11.3.4 Other Approaches
11.3.5 Bioaccessibility
11.3.6 Bioassays, Biosensors and Bioavailability
11.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
12 Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 The 'Classical' Risk Assessment Model
12.2 Hazard Identification
12.2.1 Approaches, Uncertainties, Issues for Discussion
12.3 Exposure Assessment
12.3.1 Approaches to Estimating Exposure from Trace Elements in Soils
12.3.2 Environmental Measurements and Influence of Bioavailability
12.4 Dose-Response
12.4.1 High- to Low-Dose Extrapolation
12.5 Risk Characterization
12.6 Assessment of Mixtures and Disparate Risks
12.7 Conclusions
References
13 Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements in Soils
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Derivation of Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements
13.2.1 Environmental Protection Limit Values for Soils
13.2.2 Human Health Protection Limit Values for Soils
13.3 National and International Initiatives in Setting Limit Values
13.4 Forward Look
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 Phytoremediation of Soil Trace Elements
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Nature of Soil Contamination where Phytoextraction may be Applied
14.3 Need for Metal-Tolerant Hyperaccumulators for Practical Phytoextraction
14.4 Phytoremediation Strategies: Applications and Limitations
14.4.1 Phytomining Soil Nickel
14.4.2 Soil Cadmium Contamination Requiring Remediation to Protect Food Chains
14.4.3 Phytoextraction or Phytovolatilization of Soil Selenium
14.4.4 Phytoextraction of Soil Cobalt
14.4.5 Phytoextraction of Soil Boron
14.4.6 Phytovolatilization of Soil Mercury
14.4.7 Induced Phytoextraction of Soil Gold
14.4.8 Induced Phytoextraction of Soil Lead
14.4.9 Phytoextraction of Soil Arsenic
14.4.10 Phytoextraction of Other Soil Elements
14.5 Phytostabilization of Zinc-Lead, Copper, or Nickel Mine Waste or Smelter-Contaminated Soils
14.6 Recovery of Elements from Phytoextraction Biomass
14.7 Risks to Wildlife during Phytoextraction Operations
14.8 Conclusions
References
15 Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Soil Amendments for Trace Element Immobilization
15.2.1 Metal Oxides
15.2.2 Natural and Synthetic Aluminosilicates
15.2.3 Ashes
15.2.4 Phosphates
15.2.5 Organic Amendments
15.2.6 Liming Compounds
15.2.7 Gypsum
15.3 Method Acceptance
15.4 Concluding Remarks
References
SECTION 4 CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOUR OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS
16 Arsenic and Antimony
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Geogenic Occurrence
16.2.1 Arsenic
16.2.2 Antimony
16.3 Sources of Soil Contamination
16.4 Chemical Behavior in Soils
16.4.1 Arsenic Speciation and Solubility
16.4.2 Arsenic Retention in Soils
16.4.3 Arsenic Desorption in Soils
16.4.4 Antimony Speciation and Solubility
16.4.5 Antimony Adsorption and Desorption in Soils
16.5 Risks from Arsenic and Antimony in Soils
16.6 Conclusions and Future Research Needs
References
17 Cadmium and Zinc
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Geogenic Occurrence and Sources of Soil Contamination
17.3 Chemical Behavior in Soils
17.4 Plant Accumulation of Soil Cadmium and Zinc
17.5 Risk Implications for Cadmium in Soil Amendments
17.6 Plant Uptake of Cadmium and Zinc in Relation to Food-Chain Cadmium Risk
17.7 Food-Chain Zinc Issues
References
18 Copper and Lead
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Copper
18.2.1 Sources and Content of Copper in Soils
18.2.2 Chemical Behaviour in Soils
18.3 Lead
18.3.1 Sources and Content of Lead in Soils
18.3.2 Chemical Behaviour in Soils
18.4 Risks from Copper and Lead
18.4.1 Essentiality and Metabolism
18.4.2 Exposure and Toxicology
18.5 Concluding Remarks
References
19 Chromium, Nickel and Cobalt
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Geogenic Occurrences
19.3 Sources of Soil Contamination
19.4 Chemical Behaviour in Soils
19.4.1 Chromium
19.4.2 Nickel
19.4.3 Cobalt
19.5 Environmental and Human Health Risks
19.5.1 Chromium
19.5.2 Nickel
19.5.3 Cobalt
19.6 Concluding Remarks
References
20 Manganese and Selenium
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Concentrations and Sources of Manganese and Selenium in Soils
20.2.1 Manganese
20.2.2 Selenium
20.3 Chemical Behaviour of Manganese and Selenium in Soils
20.3.1 Solution and Solid Forms
20.3.2 Ion-Exchange and Sorption-Desorption Reactions
20.3.3 Precipitation-Dissolution and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
20.3.4 Availability of Manganese and Selenium in Soils
20.4 Effects on Plant, Animal and Human Health
References
21 Tin and Mercury
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Geogenic Occurrence
21.2.1 Tin
21.2.2 Mercury
21.3 Sources of Soil Contamination
21.3.1 Tin
21.3.2 Mercury
21.4 Chemical Behaviour in Soils
21.4.1 Tin
21.4.2 Mercury
21.5 Risks from Tin and Mercury in Soils
21.5.1 Tin
21.5.2 Mercury
References
22 Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium and Vanadium
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Molybdenum
22.2.1 Geochemical Occurrences and Soil Concentrations
22.2.2 Sources of Soil Contamination
22.2.3 Chemical Behavior in Soils
22.3 Silver
22.3.1 Geochemical Occurrences and Soil Concentrations
22.3.2 Sources of Soil Contamination
22.3.3 Chemical Behavior in Soils
22.4 Thallium
22.4.1 Geochemical Occurrences and Soil Concentrations
22.4.2 Sources of Contamination
22.4.3 Chemical Behavior in Soils
22.5 Vanadium
22.5.1 Geochemical Occurrences and Soil Concentrations
22.5.2 Sources of Contamination
22.5.3 Chemical Behavior in Soils
22.6 Environmental and Human Health Risks
22.6.1 Molybdenum
22.6.2 Silver
22.6.3 Thallium
22.6.4 Vanadium
References
23 Gold and Uranium
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Geogenic Occurrence
23.2.1 Gold
23.2.2 Uranium
23.3 Soil Contamination
23.3.1 Gold
23.3.2 Uranium
23.4 Chemical Behaviour in Soils
23.4.1 Gold
23.4.2 Uranium
23.5 Risks from Gold and Uranium in Soils
23.5.1 Gold
23.5.2 Uranium
23.6 Concluding Comments
References
24 Platinum Group Elements
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Sources of PGE in Soils
24.2.1 Geogenic Sources
24.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
24.3 Emissions, Depositional Behavior, and Concentrations in Soils
24.4 Geochemical Behavior in Soils
24.5 Bioavailability
24.6 Conclusions
References
Index

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