CT Teaching Manual

Foreword

Computed tomography has become an integral and indispensable part of clinical diagnostics, with which special clinical questions can be answered with high accuracy in only a short time latency. The recent technical developments enable a spatial resolution in the submillimeter range for CT-supported angiographies, and with the help of dual source CT, also statements about the chemical composition of tissues or e.g. kidney stones. Above all, the development of PET/CT has made possible immense progress in oncology with regard to the diagnostic accuracy in the question of metastases or tumor recurrences. Modern imaging modalities are often not satisfactorily covered when teaching medical students in lectures and clinical courses. When leaving medical school, the knowledge gaps in this area can often be considerable.

All these aspects and recent developments have already been taken into account in this standard book on CT diagnostics, so that it offers the necessary basics for beginners, who are just familiarizing themselves with the subject, and is suitable for advanced users with a special radiological interest. The quiz cases, in particular, will hopefully arouse many readers` detective ambition to check their diagnostic skills themselves. The success story of 28 editions in 9 languages speaks for itself, and proves the broad acceptance of this book among German-speaking and international colleagues. I wish you a high learning benefit and lots of fun using this teaching manual!

Bern, January 2021

Professor Johannes Heverhagen, MD
Dept. Head of University Institute for Diagnostic,
Interventional and Pediatric Radiology (DIPR)
Inselspital Bern, Bern University, Switzerland

List of Abbreviations

3D

Three-dimensional

a, ant.

Anterior

A.

Artery

Aa.

Arteries

ADR

Adverse drug reaction

AG

Adrenal gland

Amp.

Ampulla

AO

Aorta

AP

Anteroposterior

AR

Area = size of an ROI in cm2

BBB

Blood-brain barrier

BC

Bronchial carcinoma

BE

Barium enema

BT

Bolus tracking

BW

Body weight

Ca

Carcinoma

CAD

Coronary artery disease

CARE

Combined applications to reduce exposure

CCT

Cranial CT

CCT

Craniocerebral trauma

ChE

Cholecystectomy

CI

Cortical index

CKD-EPI

Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiologic Collaboration

CM

Contrast medium

CN

Cranial nerve

CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid

C-spine

Cervical spine

CT

Computed tomography

CTA

CT angiography

CV

Cervical vertebra

d

Diameter or day

DD

Differential diagnosis

DOTATOC

Edotreotid (radioactive tracer)

DIC

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

ECG

Electrocardiogram

ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ESWL

Extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy

FDG

Fluorodeoxyglucose: a form of sugar, marked with radioactive short-living tracers

FET

Fluorethylthyrosin (radioactive tracer)

FNH

Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver

FOV

Field of view

GB

Gallbladder

GIT

Gastrointestinal tract

HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HRCT

High resolution CT

HU

Hounsfield unit(s)

i.m.

Intramuscular

IM

Intramuscular

i.v.

Intravenous

IV

Intravenous

IUD

Intrauterine device

IVU

Intravenous urogram

kg

Kilogram

LA

Lower abdomen

lat.

Lateral

Lig.

Ligament

LL

Lower leg

LN

Lymph node

L-spine

Lumbar spine

LV

Lumbar vertebra

mBq

millibequerel (unit for radiation)

M.

Muscle

MA

Mid abdomen

ME

Mean

med.

Medial

MIP

Maximum intensity projection

Mm.

Muscles

MPR

Multiplanar reconstruction

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

MSCT

Multislice CT

mSv

millisievert (unit for radiation)

N.

Nerve

NHL

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Nn.

Nerves

NPP

Nucleus pulposus prolapse

PET

Positron Emission Tomograhy

p.i.

Post injection

Pixel

Picture element (two-dimensional)

PNS

Paranasal sinuses

p.o.

Per oral

post.

Posterior

PRIND

Prolonged reversible ischemic neurologic deficit

Proc.

Process

PSMA

Prostate-specific membrane antigen

ROI

Region of interest

RT

Renal transplant

s.c.

Subcutaneous

SC

Subcutaneous

SAC

Subarachnoid space

SAH

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

SD

Standard deviation

SMA

Superior mesenteric artery

ST

Section or slice thickness

SUVmax

Maximum standardized uptake value

TACE

Transarterial chemoembolization

Tg

Thyroid gland

TIA

Transient ischemic attack

T-spine

Thoracic spine

TV

Thoracic vertebra

UA

Upper...