The Implementation of the New Insolvency Regulation

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Introduction [Seite 25]
2.1 - I. Genesis of the Study [Seite 26]
2.2 - II. Methodology, scope and objective of the Study [Seite 26]
2.3 - III. Outline of the Study [Seite 27]
2.3.1 - 1. Widening the scope of the Regulation: opening up for rescue culture (Part 1) [Seite 28]
2.3.2 - 2. Coordination between main and secondary proceedings (Part 2) [Seite 28]
2.3.2.1 - 2.1 Judicial cooperation: from soft law to innovative hard law [Seite 29]
2.3.2.2 - 2.2 Synthetic proceedings: from practice to regulation [Seite 29]
2.3.3 - 3. Group of companies: contractual flexibility versus procedural overregulation (Part 3) [Seite 30]
2.4 - IV. Distribution of responsibilities [Seite 31]
3 - Part 1: Scope of application [Seite 33]
3.1 - Università degli Studi di Milano [Seite 33]
3.1.1 - I. The scope of the Regulation [Seite 33]
3.1.1.1 - Article 1(1) EIR [Seite 33]
3.1.1.1.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 33]
3.1.1.1.1.1 - 1.1 A new European approach to business failure and insolvency [Seite 33]
3.1.1.1.1.2 - 1.2 Pre-insolvency and hybrid proceedings [Seite 36]
3.1.1.1.1.2.1 - 1.2.1 Article 1(1) EIR [Seite 39]
3.1.1.1.1.2.2 - 1.2.2 Proceedings 'based on laws relating to insolvency for the purpose of rescue, adjustment of debt, reorganisation or liquidation' [Seite 40]
3.1.1.1.1.2.3 - 1.2.3 'Public' [Seite 42]
3.1.1.1.1.2.4 - 1.2.4 'Collective' [Seite 43]
3.1.1.1.1.2.5 - 1.2.5 Which entail some kind of 'interference' upon the individual rights of the debtor and/or its creditors. [Seite 44]
3.1.1.1.1.2.6 - 1.2.6 .and which may leave the debtor in possession [Seite 45]
3.1.1.1.1.3 - 1.3 Territorial scope [Seite 46]
3.1.1.1.2 - 2. Evaluation [Seite 47]
3.1.1.1.2.1 - 2.1 Legal issues [Seite 47]
3.1.1.1.2.1.1 - 2.1.1 The title of the EIR: is it still up-to-date? [Seite 47]
3.1.1.1.2.1.2 - 2.1.2 The notion of insolvency (recital 17 EIR) [Seite 47]
3.1.1.1.2.1.3 - 2.1.3 Scope of secondary proceedings [Seite 50]
3.1.1.1.2.1.4 - 2.1.4 The COMI presumption for pre-insolvency proceedings [Seite 51]
3.1.1.1.2.2 - 2.2 Practical problems [Seite 52]
3.1.1.1.2.2.1 - 2.2.1 Pre-insolvency and hybrid proceedings before a 'judgment opening insolvency proceedings' is rendered [Seite 52]
3.1.1.1.2.2.2 - 2.2.2 Article 34, 2nd s. EIR [Seite 55]
3.1.1.1.2.2.3 - 2.2.3 The territorial scope [Seite 56]
3.1.1.1.3 - 3. Theses and recommendations [Seite 61]
3.1.2 - II. The relationship between Article 1(1) of the Regulation (EU) No 2015/848 and Annex A [Seite 64]
3.1.2.1 - Articles 1(1), (3), 2(4), recital 9, Annex A [Seite 64]
3.1.2.1.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 64]
3.1.2.1.1.1 - 1.1 The framework under the EIR 2000 [Seite 64]
3.1.2.1.1.2 - 1.2 The proposals to amend the EIR 2000 [Seite 66]
3.1.2.1.1.3 - 1.3 The framework under the EIR [Seite 67]
3.1.2.1.1.3.1 - 1.3.1 As to the nature of Annex A... [Seite 67]
3.1.2.1.1.3.2 - 1.3.2 .and as to the amendment of Annex A [Seite 68]
3.1.2.1.2 - 2. Evaluation [Seite 68]
3.1.2.1.2.1 - 2.1 Legal issues [Seite 68]
3.1.2.1.2.1.1 - 2.1.1 The underlying policy [Seite 68]
3.1.2.1.2.1.2 - 2.1.2 The role of Article 1(1) EIR [Seite 69]
3.1.2.1.2.1.3 - 2.1.3 Amendments to Annex A [Seite 70]
3.1.2.1.2.1.4 - 2.1.4 A tentative alternative interpretation [Seite 71]
3.1.2.1.2.2 - 2.2 Practical problems [Seite 72]
3.1.2.1.2.2.1 - 2.2.1 The shortcomings of ordinary legislative procedure [Seite 72]
3.1.2.1.2.2.2 - 2.2.2 How to deal with the difficulty to amend Annex A [Seite 73]
3.1.2.1.2.2.3 - 2.2.3 Two problematic cases [Seite 73]
3.1.2.1.2.2.4 - 2.2.4 The 'duty' to notify new national procedures [Seite 74]
3.1.2.1.3 - 3. Theses and recommendations [Seite 75]
3.1.3 - III. The boundary between the European Insolvency Regulation and the Brussels Ibis Regulation [Seite 77]
3.1.3.1 - Article 1(1), recitals 7, 16 EIR [Seite 77]
3.1.3.1.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 77]
3.1.3.1.1.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 77]
3.1.3.1.1.2 - 1.2 Obstacles to the dovetailing [Seite 79]
3.1.3.1.1.2.1 - 1.2.1 Pre-insolvency proceedings and hybrid proceedings [Seite 79]
3.1.3.1.1.2.2 - 1.2.2 Annex A EIR [Seite 81]
3.1.3.1.1.2.3 - 1.2.3 The notion of 'insolvency-related' actions [Seite 82]
3.1.3.1.1.3 - 1.3 The EIR 2015 [Seite 84]
3.1.3.1.2 - 2. Evaluation [Seite 85]
3.1.3.1.2.1 - 2.1 Legal issues [Seite 85]
3.1.3.1.2.1.1 - 2.1.1 Setting-up the relationship between Brussels Ibis and the EIR [Seite 85]
3.1.3.1.2.1.2 - 2.1.2 Loopholes [Seite 87]
3.1.3.1.2.1.3 - 2.1.3 Overlaps [Seite 91]
3.1.3.1.2.2 - 2.2 Practical problems [Seite 91]
3.1.3.1.2.2.1 - 2.2.1 Circumvention of the scope of the EIR by putting insolvency rules in general company law [Seite 91]
3.1.3.1.2.2.2 - 2.2.2 Recital 16 and insolvency-related actions [Seite 92]
3.1.3.1.3 - 3. Theses and recommendations [Seite 92]
3.1.4 - IV. Insolvency-related proceedings [Seite 94]
3.1.4.1 - Article 6, recital 35 EIR [Seite 94]
3.1.4.1.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 94]
3.1.4.1.2 - 2. Evaluation: legal issues and practical problems [Seite 96]
3.1.4.1.2.1 - 2.1 The notion of 'insolvency-related' actions [Seite 96]
3.1.4.1.2.2 - 2.2 Recital 16 EIR and insolvency-related actions [Seite 99]
3.1.4.1.2.3 - 2.3 Overlaps between the EIR and Brussels Ibis [Seite 100]
3.1.4.1.2.4 - 2.4 Insolvency-related actions and secondary proceedings [Seite 101]
3.1.4.1.2.5 - 2.5 Insolvency-related actions against third state defendants [Seite 102]
3.1.4.1.3 - 3. Theses and recommendations [Seite 103]
4 - Part 2: Cooperation between main and secondary proceedings [Seite 106]
4.1 - Max Planck Institute Luxembourg [Seite 106]
4.1.1 - I. Instruments to avoid or postpone secondary proceedings [Seite 106]
4.1.1.1 - Articles 36 ff EIR [Seite 106]
4.1.1.1.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 106]
4.1.1.1.1.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 106]
4.1.1.1.1.2 - 1.2 The undertaking ('synthetic proceedings') [Seite 107]
4.1.1.1.1.2.1 - 1.2.1 Procedural function and conflict of laws mechanism [Seite 107]
4.1.1.1.1.2.2 - 1.2.2 Scope [Seite 110]
4.1.1.1.1.2.2.1 - 1.2.2.1 Local assets and liabilities (scope ratione materiae) [Seite 110]
4.1.1.1.1.2.2.2 - 1.2.2.2 Personal scope [Seite 112]
4.1.1.1.1.2.2.3 - 1.2.2.3 Law referred to by an undertaking and third parties' rights in rem [Seite 112]
4.1.1.1.1.2.3 - 1.2.3 Proposal and formal requirements [Seite 114]
4.1.1.1.1.2.4 - 1.2.4 Approval [Seite 115]
4.1.1.1.1.2.5 - 1.2.5 Effects [Seite 115]
4.1.1.1.1.2.5.1 - 1.2.5.1 Direct effects of the undertaking as to the estate and the applicable law [Seite 115]
4.1.1.1.1.2.5.2 - 1.2.5.2 Effects on the opening of secondary proceedings [Seite 116]
4.1.1.1.1.2.5.3 - 1.2.5.3 Removal of local assets [Seite 116]
4.1.1.1.1.2.6 - 1.2.6 Procedural safeguards [Seite 117]
4.1.1.1.1.2.6.1 - 1.2.6.1 Remedies [Seite 117]
4.1.1.1.1.2.6.2 - 1.2.6.2 Liability of an insolvency practitioner under Article 36(10) EIR [Seite 120]
4.1.1.1.1.2.6.3 - 1.2.6.3 Information of creditors and publication [Seite 121]
4.1.1.1.1.3 - 1.3 The stay of proceedings [Seite 121]
4.1.1.1.2 - 2. Evaluation [Seite 122]
4.1.1.1.2.1 - 2.1 Legal issues [Seite 123]
4.1.1.1.2.1.1 - 2.1.1 Article 36 EIR as a non-mandatory rule? [Seite 123]
4.1.1.1.2.1.2 - 2.1.2 Deferred and concerted secondary proceedings as an alternative option [Seite 124]
4.1.1.1.2.1.3 - 2.1.3 Approval of an undertaking [Seite 125]
4.1.1.1.2.1.3.1 - 2.1.3.1 Approval by the known local creditors [Seite 125]
4.1.1.1.2.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.2 Voidability and replacement of an approved undertaking [Seite 126]
4.1.1.1.2.1.3.3 - 2.1.3.3 Approval by the creditors of the main proceedings? [Seite 128]
4.1.1.1.2.1.3.4 - 2.1.3.4 Approval of an undertaking after the opening of secondary proceedings [Seite 129]
4.1.1.1.2.1.4 - 2.1.4 Undertaking and secondary proceedings [Seite 129]
4.1.1.1.2.1.4.1 - 2.1.4.1 The start of time limit to request the opening of secondary proceedings [Seite 129]
4.1.1.1.2.1.4.2 - 2.1.4.2 The court's criterion to reject the opening of secondary proceedings, Article 38(2) EIR [Seite 131]
4.1.1.1.2.1.5 - 2.1.5 Undertaking and corporate group insolvencies [Seite 132]
4.1.1.1.2.2 - 2.2 Practical problems [Seite 132]
4.1.1.1.2.2.1 - 2.2.1 Criteria to be taken into account by an insolvency practitioner when giving an undertaking [Seite 132]
4.1.1.1.2.2.2 - 2.2.2 Identification and information of local creditors / publication [Seite 132]
4.1.1.1.3 - 3. Theses and recommendations [Seite 134]
4.1.1.1.3.1 - 3.1 Scope of undertakings [Seite 134]
4.1.1.1.3.2 - 3.2 Giving of an undertaking [Seite 134]
4.1.1.1.3.3 - 3.3 Assessing the adequacy and efficacy of Article 36 EIR [Seite 135]
4.1.1.1.3.4 - 3.4 Identifying and informing (local) creditors [Seite 136]
4.1.1.1.3.4.1 - 3.4.1 Creditors should be informed of. [Seite 136]
4.1.1.1.3.4.2 - 3.4.2 Means of communication [Seite 136]
4.1.1.1.3.4.3 - 3.4.3 Creditors' information on the (dis-)approval of the undertaking [Seite 136]
4.1.1.1.3.5 - 3.5 The start of time limit to request the opening of secondary proceedings (Article 37(2) EIR) [Seite 137]
4.1.1.1.3.6 - 3.6 Temporary stay of the opening of secondary proceedings [Seite 137]
4.1.1.1.3.7 - 3.7 Implementing Regulation [Seite 137]
4.1.2 - II. Cooperation, Communication, Coordination [Seite 139]
4.1.2.1 - Articles 41-44 EIR (single debtor) [Seite 139]
4.1.2.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 139]
4.1.2.1.2 - 2. Legal framework [Seite 141]
4.1.2.1.3 - 3. Recommendations [Seite 142]
4.1.2.1.3.1 - 3.1 To the European Commission [Seite 143]
4.1.2.1.3.1.1 - 3.1.1 Introducing and explaining the rules [Seite 144]
4.1.2.1.3.1.2 - 3.1.2 Raising awareness and promoting the use of soft law instruments [Seite 145]
4.1.2.1.3.1.3 - 3.1.3 Spreading the knowledge about case law [Seite 147]
4.1.2.1.3.2 - 3.2 To the national lawmaker [Seite 147]
4.1.2.1.3.2.1 - 3.2.1 Taking stock [Seite 148]
4.1.2.1.3.2.2 - 3.2.2 Removing obstacles, paving the way [Seite 149]
4.1.2.1.3.2.3 - 3.2.3 Valuable clarifications [Seite 151]
4.1.2.1.3.3 - 3.3 To the national interpreter and authorities applying the law [Seite 152]
4.1.2.1.3.4 - 3.4 To the academia [Seite 155]
4.1.3 - III. Protocols [Seite 156]
4.1.3.1 - Articles 41 f EIR [Seite 156]
4.1.3.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 156]
4.1.3.1.2 - 2. Legal and economic framework [Seite 157]
4.1.3.1.2.1 - 2.1 'Agreements or protocols': scope of the analysis [Seite 157]
4.1.3.1.2.2 - 2.2 Cooperation 'not incompatible with the rules applicable to each of the proceedings' - legal basis for the conclusion of agreements or protocols [Seite 158]
4.1.3.1.2.3 - 2.3 Content of an insolvency protocol: derogation from the coordination rules of the EIR? [Seite 160]
4.1.3.1.2.4 - 2.4 Insolvency protocols and protection of local creditors' interests [Seite 162]
4.1.3.1.2.5 - 2.5 Protocols and Article 36 undertakings: comparative advantages and disadvantages [Seite 163]
4.1.3.1.3 - 3. Recommendations and guidelines [Seite 167]
4.1.3.1.3.1 - 3.1 Circumstances supporting the use of insolvency agreements or protocols [Seite 169]
4.1.3.1.3.2 - 3.2 Negotiations [Seite 170]
4.1.3.1.3.3 - 3.3 Authorization and parties to an insolvency agreement or protocol [Seite 171]
4.1.3.1.3.4 - 3.4 Language of the insolvency agreement or protocol [Seite 172]
4.1.3.1.3.5 - 3.5 Terminology and interpretative rules [Seite 173]
4.1.3.1.3.6 - 3.6 Determining the purpose of the insolvency agreement or protocol [Seite 174]
4.1.3.1.3.7 - 3.7 Issues to be addressed in insolvency agreements or protocols under the EIR [Seite 175]
4.1.3.1.3.7.1 - 3.7.1 Communication [Seite 176]
4.1.3.1.3.7.2 - 3.7.2 Preservation of the debtor's assets [Seite 177]
4.1.3.1.3.7.3 - 3.7.3 Notification of the debtor's creditors [Seite 177]
4.1.3.1.3.7.4 - 3.7.4 Lodgement of the creditors' claims by insolvency practitioners [Seite 177]
4.1.3.1.3.7.5 - 3.7.5 Verification of the debtor's liabilities [Seite 178]
4.1.3.1.3.7.6 - 3.7.6 Administration of the insolvency estate [Seite 178]
4.1.3.1.3.7.7 - 3.7.7 Preventing conflict of powers among insolvency practitioners [Seite 179]
4.1.3.1.3.7.8 - 3.7.8 Distribution of the proceeds [Seite 179]
4.1.3.1.3.7.9 - 3.7.9 Conflict-of-laws issues [Seite 180]
4.1.3.1.3.7.10 - 3.7.10 Costs of the proceedings [Seite 181]
4.1.3.1.3.8 - 3.8 Legal effects and effectiveness of insolvency agreements or protocols [Seite 182]
4.1.3.1.3.9 - 3.9 Flexibility of insolvency agreements or protocols [Seite 182]
4.1.3.1.3.10 - 3.10 Safeguards [Seite 183]
4.1.3.1.3.11 - 3.11 Dispute resolution clauses [Seite 183]
5 - Part 3: Insolvencies of groups of companies [Seite 185]
5.1 - University of Vienna Articles 56 ff EIR [Seite 185]
5.1.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 185]
5.1.2 - II. Jurisdiction with respect to insolvencies of groups of companies [Seite 187]
5.1.2.1 - 1. Determining the COMI of a member of a group of companies [Seite 187]
5.1.2.1.1 - 1.1 Legal framework [Seite 187]
5.1.2.1.2 - 1.2 Recommendations and guidelines [Seite 188]
5.1.2.1.2.1 - 1.2.1 Recommendations [Seite 188]
5.1.2.1.2.2 - 1.2.2 Guidelines [Seite 192]
5.1.2.2 - 2. COMI migration [Seite 193]
5.1.2.2.1 - 2.1 Legal framework [Seite 193]
5.1.2.2.2 - 2.2 Evaluation [Seite 194]
5.1.2.2.3 - 2.3 Recommendations and guidelines [Seite 195]
5.1.2.2.3.1 - 2.3.1 Recommendations [Seite 195]
5.1.2.2.3.2 - 2.3.2 Guideline [Seite 197]
5.1.2.3 - 3. The definition of 'group of companies' in Article 2 EIR [Seite 197]
5.1.2.3.1 - 3.1 Legal framework [Seite 197]
5.1.2.3.2 - 3.2 Evaluation [Seite 199]
5.1.2.3.3 - 3.3 Recommendations and guidelines [Seite 200]
5.1.2.3.3.1 - 3.3.1 Recommendations [Seite 200]
5.1.2.3.3.2 - 3.3.2 Guidelines [Seite 203]
5.1.3 - III. Coordination between insolvency proceedings relating to group members [Seite 205]
5.1.3.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 205]
5.1.3.2 - 2. Evaluation [Seite 207]
5.1.3.3 - 3. Recommendations and guidelines [Seite 208]
5.1.3.3.1 - 3.1 Recommendations [Seite 208]
5.1.3.3.2 - 3.2 Guidelines [Seite 212]
5.1.4 - IV. The new group coordination proceedings [Seite 214]
5.1.4.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 214]
5.1.4.2 - 2. Evaluation [Seite 217]
5.1.4.3 - 3. Recommendations and guidelines [Seite 218]
5.1.4.3.1 - 3.1 Recommendations [Seite 218]
5.1.4.3.2 - 3.2 Guidelines [Seite 221]
5.1.5 - V. Conflict of laws [Seite 223]
5.1.5.1 - 1. Legal framework [Seite 223]
5.1.5.2 - 2. Recommendations and guidelines [Seite 224]
5.1.5.2.1 - 2.1 Recommendations [Seite 224]
5.1.5.2.2 - 2.2 Guideline [Seite 226]
6 - Annex: Expert Contributions [Seite 227]
6.1 - Annex I: Interpreting and amending Annex A to Regulation 848/2015 [Seite 228]
6.1.1 - Avv. Giorgio Corno [Seite 228]
6.1.1.1 - 1. Insolvency proceedings which fall within the scope Annex A of Regulation 848/2015 [Seite 228]
6.1.1.2 - 2. Italian insolvency proceedings which fall within the scope of Regulation 848/2015 [Seite 229]
6.1.1.3 - 3. Italian proceedings which may be included or qualified as a sub-category of insolvency proceedings listed in Annex A [Seite 233]
6.1.1.4 - 4. Does 'convenzione di moratoria' fall within the scope of insolvency proceedings as defined in Article 1(1) Regulation 848/2015? [Seite 235]
6.1.1.5 - 5. Effects of a 'convenzione di moratoria' on foreign dissenting banks and financial institutions [Seite 237]
6.2 - Annex II: The system of insolvency registration in the EU Insolvency Regulation (Recast) [Seite 239]
6.2.1 - Professor Dr. Bob Wessels [Seite 239]
6.2.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 239]
6.2.1.2 - 2. Aim of interconnected insolvency registers [Seite 241]
6.2.1.3 - 3. Part of existing effort in building EU-wide interconnection of national insolvency registers [Seite 242]
6.2.1.4 - 4. Establishment of insolvency registers [Seite 243]
6.2.1.5 - 5. Mandatory information [Seite 244]
6.2.1.6 - 6. Consumers [Seite 247]
6.2.1.7 - 7. Legal effect of information in the registers [Seite 248]
6.2.1.8 - 8. Interconnection of insolvency registers [Seite 249]
6.2.1.9 - 9. Conditions of access to information via the system of interconnection [Seite 250]
6.2.1.10 - 10. Conclusion [Seite 252]
6.3 - Annex III: Opening statement on the coordination and cooperation of main and secondary proceedings [Seite 253]
6.3.1 - Professor Dr. Christoph Thole [Seite 253]
6.3.1.1 - 1. Key features of the new law [Seite 253]
6.3.1.2 - 2. Are secondary proceedings useful? [Seite 254]
6.3.1.3 - 3. The undertaking (Articles 36 ff EIR) [Seite 255]
6.3.1.4 - 4. The new law on cooperation and communication (Articles 41 ff EIR) [Seite 257]
6.4 - Annex IV: From 'prisoner's dilemma' to reluctance to use judicial discretion: the enemies of cooperation in European cross-border cases - the situation of Italy, and beyond [Seite 259]
6.4.1 - Professor Dr. Renato Mangano [Seite 259]
6.4.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 259]
6.4.1.2 - 2. Article 31 EIR 2000, and its application in Italy [Seite 261]
6.4.1.3 - 3. Taking lessons from the Illochroma and Eurofood cases: legal uncertainty produces 'prisoner's dilemmas' [Seite 266]
6.4.1.4 - 4. Taking lessons from reluctance to conclude agreements and protocols: accepting that these forms of cooperation require courts and insolvency practitioners to make a choice between alternative rulings and activities [Seite 269]
6.4.1.5 - 5. Explaining Articles 41-44 EIR within legal reasoning [Seite 272]
6.4.1.5.1 - 5.1 Improvements aimed at specifying the logic of the duty of cooperation and information [Seite 274]
6.4.1.5.2 - 5.2 Improvements aimed at specifying the limits of the duty of cooperation and information in terms of consistency with the system as a whole [Seite 276]
6.4.1.6 - 6. Concluding remarks: from cooperating 'in the shadow of soft-law' to cooperating 'in the shadow of hard-law'. Corollaries [Seite 276]
6.4.1.7 - 7. Coda: Spontaneous comments on the relevant sections of the 'Annotated Guidelines' [Seite 279]
6.4.1.7.1 - 7.1 Article 36 EIR [Seite 279]
6.4.1.7.2 - 7.2 Articles 41-44 EIR [Seite 282]
6.4.1.7.3 - 7.3 Protocols [Seite 283]
6.5 - Annex V: Opening statement on the new rules for the insolvency of groups of companies [Seite 284]
6.5.1 - Professor Dr. Reinhard Bork [Seite 284]
6.6 - Annex VI: Insolvency of corporate groups under the recast Insolvency Regulation: progress or reason for concern? [Seite 290]
6.6.1 - Professor Irit Mevorach [Seite 290]
6.6.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 290]
6.6.1.2 - 2. The European Insolvency Regulation (2000): no provisions for groups [Seite 291]
6.6.1.3 - 3. The practice since 2002: group centralizations [Seite 291]
6.6.1.4 - 4. The case of Interedil (2011): adoption of central administration as a key connecting factor [Seite 293]
6.6.1.5 - 5. The parliament proposals (2011): centralization as the primary solution [Seite 295]
6.6.1.6 - 6. The recast Insolvency Regulation (2015): a shift to cooperation and coordination [Seite 296]
6.6.1.7 - 7. Progress or concern? [Seite 297]
6.6.1.8 - 8. Conclusion and a way forward [Seite 299]
7 - Bibliography [Seite 301]
7.1 - 1. CJEU case-law [Seite 301]
7.2 - 2. National case-law [Seite 301]
7.3 - 3. Literature [Seite 304]
7.4 - 4. Legal texts [Seite 318]
7.5 - 5. Other [Seite 319]