Optogenetics

Name: Optogenetics
Brand: De Gruyter
Price: 59.95 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Peter Hegemann Stephan Sigrist(Herausgeber*in)

De Gruyter (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 28. August 2013

XIV, 226 Seiten

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978-3-11-027072-3 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
List of contributing authors
Introduction
1 The biophysics and engineering of signaling photoreceptors
1.1 Photoreceptors
1.1.1 Novel photoreceptors
1.1.2 Biophysics of photoreceptors and signal transduction
1.2 Engineering of photoreceptors
1.2.1 Approaches to designing light-regulated biological processes
1.3 Case study - transcriptional control in cells by light
1.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
2 Current challenges in optogenetics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background: current functionality of tools
2.3 Unsolved problems and open questions: technology from cell biology, optics, and behavior
2.4 Unsolved problems and open questions: genomics and biophysics
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Challenges and opportunities for optochemical genetics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Photosensitizing receptors
3.3 PCL and PTL development and applications
3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of PCLs and PTLs
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Optogenetic imaging of neural circuit dynamics using voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins: potential, challenges and perspectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The biological problem
4.3 The large scale challenge of circuit neurosciences
4.4 The current approach to the large-scale integration problem
4.5 Large-scale recordings of neuronal activities using optogenetic approaches
4.6 Genetically encoded voltage indicators: state of development and application
4.7 Unsolved methodological / technical challenges
References
5 Why optogenetic "control" is not (yet) control
Acknowledgments
References
6 Optogenetic actuation, inhibition, modulation and readout for neuronal networks generating behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
6.1 Introduction - the nematode as a genetic model in systems neurosciencesystems neuroscience
6.2 Imaging of neural activity in the nematode
6.2.1 Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs)
6.2.2 Imaging populations of neurons in immobilized animals
6.2.3 Imaging neural activity in freely moving animals
6.2.4 Other genetically encoded indicators of neuronal function
6.3 Optogenetic tools established in the nematode
6.3.1 Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) and ChR variants with different functional properties for photodepolarization
6.3.2 Halorhodopsin and light-triggered proton pumps for photohyperpolarization
6.3.3 Photoactivated Adenylyl Cyclase (PAC) for phototriggered cAMPdependent effects that facilitate neuronal transmission
6.3.4 Other optogenetic approaches
6.3.5 Stimulation of single neurons by optogenetics in freely behaving C. elegans
6.4 Examples for optogenetic applications in C. elegans
6.4.1 Optical control of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction and between neurons
6.4.2 Optical control of neural network activity in the generation of behavior
6.5 Future challenges
6.5.1 Closed-loop optogenetic control and optical feedback from behavior and individual neurons
6.5.2 Requirements for integrated optogenetics in the nematode
References
7 Putting genetics into optogenetics: knocking out proteins with light
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Protein degradation
7.3 Light stimulation
References
8 Optogenetic approaches in behavioral neuroscience
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Approaches to dissect neuronal circuits: determining physiological correlations, requirement and sufficiency of neurons
8.3 Optogenetic analysis of simple stimulus-response-connections
8.4 Optogenetic and thermogenetic analysis of modulatory neurons: artificial mimicry of relevance
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Combining genetic targeting and optical stimulation for circuit dissection in the zebrafish nervous system
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Zebrafish neuroscience: Genetics + Optics + Behavior
9.3 Genetic targeting of optogenetic proteins to specific neurons
9.4 Optical stimulation in behaving zebrafish
9.5 Annotating behavioral functions of genetically-identified neurons by optogenetics
9.5.1 Spinal cord neurons (Rohon-Beard and Kolmer-Agduhr cells)
9.5.2 Hindbrain motor command neurons
9.5.3 Tangential neurons in the vestibular system
9.5.4 Size filtering neurons in the tectum
9.5.5 Whole-brain calcium imaging of motor adaptation at single-cell resolution
9.6 Future directions
References
10 Optogenetic analysis of mammalian neural circuits
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Optogenetic approaches to probe integrative properties at the cellular level
10.2.1 Excitatory signal integration at dendrites
10.2.2 Control of excitatory signal integration by inhibition or neuromodulation
10.2.3 Long-term analysis of synaptic function
10.3 Circuits and systems level
10.4 Optogenetics and behavior: testing causal relationships in freely moving animals
References
11 Optogenetics to benefit human health: opportunities and challenges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Opportunities for translational applications
11.3 Safety challenges
11.4 Need for feedback
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Optogenetic tools for controlling neural activity: molecules and hardware
12.1 Overview
12.2 Molecular tools for sensitizing neural functions to light
12.3 Hardware for delivery of light into intact brain circuits
References
13 In vivo application of optogenetics in rodents
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sleep / wake regulation
13.3 Addiction
13.4 Fear, anxiety and depression
13.5 Autism and schizophrenia
13.6 Aggression
13.7 Breathing
13.8 Seizures
13.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14 Potential of optogenetics in deep brain stimulation
14.1 DBS history and indications
14.2 Electrical DBS: advantages and drawbacks
14.3 Potential of optogenetic stimulation
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Optogenetic approaches for vision restoration
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Proof-of-concept studies
15.3 Light sensors
15.4 rAAV-mediated retinal gene delivery
15.5 Retinal cell-type specific targeting
15.6 Summary
References
Further reading
16 Restoration of vision - the various approaches
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The various conditions to be treated
16.3 State of the various restorative approaches
16.3.1 Neuroprotection
16.3.1.1 Encapsulated cell technology (ECT)
16.3.1.2 Electrostimulation
16.3.1.3 Visual Cycle modulators
16.3.1.4 Gene replacement therapy
16.3.1.5 Stem cell approaches
16.3.1.6 Optogenetic approaches
16.3.1.7 Electronic retinal prosthesis
16.3.2 Cortical prosthesis
16.3.3 Tongue stimulators
16.4 The current situation
16.5 Open Questions
16.6 Conclusion
References
Selected registered clinical trials as by February 2013
17 Optogenetic approaches to cochlear prosthetics for hearing restoration
17.1 Background and state of the art
17.2 Current research on cochlear optogenetics
17.2.1 Current and future work on cochlear optogenetics aims at
17.3 Potential and risks of cochlear optogenetics for auditory prosthetics
References
18 History in the making: the ethics of optogenetics
References
19 Optogenetics as a new therapeutic tool in medicine? A view from the principles of biomedical ethics
19.1 Principles of optogenetics
19.2 Principles of biomedical ethics
19.2.1 Respect for the patient's autonomy
19.2.2 Nonmaleficence
19.2.3 Beneficence
19.2.4 Justice
19.3 Conclusion
References
Appendix : Dahlem-Conference (Berlin, September 2-5, 2012): "Optogenetics. Challenges and Perspectives."
Index

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