Stereotaxis in Parkinson Syndrome

I. Introduction.- II. Basis of the Parkinson Syndrome: Morphology, Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pathology.- 1. Afferent Inputs of the Extrapyramidal Motor Nuclei.- 2. Connections Within the Extrapyramidal System and the Functional Significance of Individual Nuclei.- III. Clinical and Pathophysiologic Findings Related to Autopsy Data in Cases of Parkinsonism Operated on by Stereotaxis.- 1. Methods.- 2. Case Histories.- IV. Correlations.- 1. Remarks on the Accuracy of Reaching the Target.- 2. Comparative, Radiologic, and Anatomical Evaluation of the Cerebral Reference Lines.- 3. Anatomical Accuracy of Our Stereotaxic Procedure for Reaching the Target.- 4. Correlation of the Effects of Stimulation During the Operation with the Anatomical Substrates.- 5. Correlation of the Electrophysiologic Findings with the Anatomical Substrates.- 6. Correlation of Coagulations of the Anatomical Structures with Functional and Therapeutic Effectiveness.- V. Findings Regarding the Functional Anatomy of Individual Diencephalic Systems.- 1. Lesions in Forel's Bundle HI (Fasciculus Pallido-thalamicus).- 2. Change of Speed of Movement and Laughing Caused by Localized Stimulation.- 3. Loquaciousness.- 4. Functional Organization of the Internal Capsule Corresponding to the Neighboring Ventral Nuclei of the Thalamus.- 5. Dependence of the Improvement of Tremor on Additional Coagulation of the Nucleus Lateropolaris and Neighboring Parts of the Internal Capsule.- 6. Contribution to the Problem of Efferent Connections of the Substantia Nigra.- 7. Impairment of Consciousness Due to Bilateral Lesions in Nonspecific Nuclei of the Thalamus or in the Pallidothalamic System.- VI. Conclusions.- 1. Determination of the Target Point in the Individual Patient.- 2. High-Frequency Coagulations.- 3. Check byStimulation.- 4. Further Checks on the Accuracy with which the Target Structure is Reached.- 5. Special Indications for Therapeutic Results.- 6. Pathophysiology of Parkinson Syndrome.- Atlas of the Basal Ganglia in Parkinsonism.- 1. Architectonic Differentiation and Methods of Staining.- 2. Arrangement of the Planes of Section.- 3. Introduction to the Determination of Individual Target Points.- 4. Description of the Series of Frontal Sections.- 5. Description of Serial Sagittal Sections.- References.