Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants

Name: Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants | Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms
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Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms

Mirza Hasanuzzaman Vasileios Fotopoulos Kamrun Nahar Masayuki Fujita(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 2. Juli 2019

1024 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Presents a multidisciplinary analysis of the integration among reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS).

Since plants are the main source of our food, the improvement of their productivity is the most important task for plant biologists. In this book, leading experts accumulate the recent development in the research on oxidative stress and approaches to enhance antioxidant defense system in crop plants. They discuss both the plant responses to oxidative stress and mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance, and cover all of the recent approaches towards understanding oxidative stress in plants, providing comprehensive information about the topics. It also discusses how reactive nitrogen species and reactive sulfur species regulate plant physiology and plant tolerance to environmental stresses.

Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants: Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms covers everything readers need to know in four comprehensive sections. It starts by looking at reactive oxygen species metabolism and antioxidant defense. Next, it covers reactive nitrogen species metabolism and signaling before going on to reactive sulfur species metabolism and signaling. The book finishes with a section that looks at crosstalk among reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species based on current research done by experts.

* Presents the newest method for understanding oxidative stress in plants.

* Covers both the plant responses to oxidative stress and mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance

* Details the integration among reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive sulfur species (RSS)

* Written by 140 experts in the field of plant stress physiology, crop improvement, and genetic engineering

Providing a comprehensive collection of up-to-date knowledge spanning from biosynthesis and metabolism to signaling pathways implicated in the involvement of RONSS to plant defense mechanisms, Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants: Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms is an excellent book for plant breeders, molecular biologists, and plant physiologists, as well as a guide for students in the field of Plant Science.

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Inhalt

Intro
Volume1
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Section I Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense
Chapter 1 Regulated Suicide for Survival: Toward Programmed Cell Death During Reactive Species Mediated-Oxidative Stress of Plant Cells
1.1 Introduction
1.2 PCD: Versatile But Programmed in Functional Plant Biology
1.2.1 Experimental Evidence of PCD in Plant System
1.3 PCD through ROS Network in Plant Cell
1.3.1 Cellular Organelles: Hub of PCD Components
1.3.1.1 PCD: The Chloroplastic Connection
1.3.1.2 PCD: The Mitochondrial Drive
1.3.1.3 PCD: The Vacuolar Mediation
1.3.2 Inter-Organelle Cross Talk in PCD Programming
1.4 Mechanisms of ROS-Mediated PCD in Plant Cell
1.4.1 ROS-Mediated Disruption of Antioxidant System en Route to PCD
1.4.2 ROS-Mediated Disruption of Oxidative Metabolism en Route to PCD
1.4.3 ROS-Induced Electrolyte Leakage in PCD Programming
1.4.4 ROS-Induced Release of Cytochrome c en Route to PCD
1.4.5 Caspase Like Cascade and Its Cross-Talk with Cytochrome c, and Nuclease in Plant PCD
1.4.6 ROS to PCD: Cross-Talk via Proteasome Complex
1.5 ROS Signaling Network in Regulating Plant PCD
1.5.1 Cross Talk Between ROS and RNS Toward PCD
1.5.2 Interactive Hormone Signaling Toward PCD via ROS
1.5.3 MAP Kinase Cascade in ROS-Driven PCD Events
1.5.4 Lipid Signaling and PCD
1.6 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 2 Iron and Its Catalytic Properties on Radical Generation: Role of Chelators on the Labile Iron Pool (LIP)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Iron-Dependent Oxidative Metabolism
2.3 Role of Chelators on Fe-Dependent Oxidant Production
2.4 Cellular Fe Distribution in Plants and Animals
2.5 Experimental Alternatives Related to the Operational Definition of LIP
2.6 LIP Changes Under Stress Situations in Plants and Animals
2.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) and Their Role in Regulating Abiotic Stress induced Oxidative Stress in Plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Their Effects in Plants Experiencing Abiotic Stress
3.2.1 ROS Generation in Plants
3.2.2 Abiotic Stress Induced ROS Generation in Plants
3.2.3 ROS Induced Oxidative Damage in Plants
3.2.4 ROS Detoxification System in Plants
3.3 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Isoenzymes in Plants
3.3.1 Copper Zinc SODs (Cu-ZnSOD)
3.3.2 Iron Superoxide Dismutase (FeSOD) and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD)
3.3.3 Cambialistic Superoxide Dismutase (Fe/MnSOD)
3.4 Regulation, Expression and Interaction Network of Superoxide Dismutase Isozymes
3.5 SOD Mediated Improvement in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
3.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 The Role of Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in Reactive Oxygen Species Balance Under Abiotic Stresses
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Water Availability
4.2.1 Drought
4.2.2 Flooding
4.3 Salinity
4.4 Extreme Temperatures
4.4.1 Chilling
4.4.2 Heat
4.5 Insolation
4.5.1 High Insolation
4.5.2 Low Insolation
4.6 Metals (Metalloids)
4.6.1 Al
4.6.2 Cd
4.6.3 Pb
4.6.4 Cu
4.6.5 Cr
4.7 Nanoparticles
4.8 Combination of Stresses
4.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Under Combined Waterlogging and Salinity Stresses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Oxidative Stress
5.3 Effects of Oxidative Stress
5.3.1 Lipid Peroxidation
5.3.2 Membrane Injury
5.3.3 Ion Homeostasis and ROS Metabolism
5.3.4 Antioxidative Defense System
5.4 Enzymatic Components
5.4.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
5.4.2 Catalase (CAT)
5.4.3 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
5.4.4 Peroxidases (POX)
5.4.5 Glutathione Reductase (GR)
5.4.6 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR)
5.4.7 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR)
5.5 Non-enzymatic Components
5.5.1 Ascorbate Content
5.5.2 Glutathione Content
5.6 Aerenchyma Formation and Root Modifications
5.7 Conclusions and Future Projections
References
Chapter 6 Role of Polyamines in Protecting Plants from Oxidative Stress
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Discovery of Polyamines
6.2.1 Biosynthesis, Catabolism and Biosynthetic Inhibitor of Polyamines
6.2.2 Role of Polyamines in Protecting Plants from Oxidative Stress
6.3 Important Physiological Effects of Polyamines in Plants
6.3.1 Interaction of Polyamines with ROS
6.3.2 Cell Proliferation
6.3.3 Stress Response
6.3.4 Gene Expression
6.4 Role of Polyamines in Combating Oxidative Stress
6.4.1 Polyamines and Detoxification of ROS
6.5 Polyamine and H2O2
6.6 Exogenous Polyamine
6.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 7 Role of Glutathione in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 GSH Metabolism in Plants
7.3 GSH Confers Protection during Abiotic Stress
7.3.1 GSH: Variable Redox States
7.3.2 The AsA-GSH Cycle (AGC)
7.3.3 GSH as an Antioxidant
7.3.4 Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) Protect against Abiotic Stress
7.3.5 GSH Regulation of Transcription and Nitric Oxide Signaling during Stress
7.4 GSH Regulates Abiotic Stress Tolerance
7.4.1 Exogenous Application of GSH
7.4.2 Genetic Engineering Approach
7.4.3 The Sub-cellular Distribution of GSH in Response to Abiotic Stresses
7.4.3.1 Vacuoles
7.4.3.2 Nuclei
7.4.3.3 Chloroplasts and Peroxisomes
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Molecular Approaches in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses
8.3 Approaches for Stress Tolerance
8.4 Genetic Engineering for Environmental Stresses
8.4.1 Genomics
8.4.2 Proteomics
8.4.3 Metabolomics
8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9 Omics in Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Crops
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Genomics
9.2.1 Structural Genomics
9.2.1.1 Genome Sequencing
9.2.1.2 Molecular Markers
9.3 Transcriptomics
9.3.1 Hybridization-Based Approaches
9.3.1.1 Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH)
9.3.1.2 Microarrays
9.3.2 Sequencing-Based Approaches
9.3.2.1 Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE)
9.3.2.2 RNA-Sequencing
9.3.3 Plant Transcriptomics Applications
9.3.3.1 Salt Tolerance
9.3.3.2 Drought Tolerance
9.3.3.3 Cold Tolerance
9.3.3.4 Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity
9.4 Proteomics
9.4.1 Plant Proteomics Applications
9.4.1.1 Salt Tolerance
9.4.1.2 Drought Tolerance
9.4.1.3 Cold Tolerance
9.4.1.4 Nutrient Deficiency
9.5 Metabolomics
9.5.1 Plant Metabolomics Applications
9.5.1.1 Salt Tolerance
9.5.1.2 Drought Tolerance
9.5.1.3 Low-Oxygen Tolerance
9.5.1.4 Cold Tolerance
9.5.1.5 Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity
9.5.1.6 Oxidative Stress
9.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 10 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Plant Growth and Development
10.1 Introduction
10.2 ROS Generation
10.3 Deleterious Effects of Different Types of ROS on Plant Cells
10.4 ROS Detoxification
10.5 Regulation of Antioxidant Genes Expression by Different Types of ROS
10.5.1 Singlet Oxygen (O21)
10.5.2 Superoxide Radical (O2)
10.5.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
10.6 ROS and Redox Signaling
10.7 ROS as Long Distance Signal and ROS Waves
10.8 ROS Signaling with Hormonal Signaling Networks
10.8.1 Abscisic Acid (ABA)
10.8.2 Ethylene (ET)
10.8.3 Auxin
10.8.4 Gibberellins (GAs)
10.8.5 Salicylic Acid (SA)
10.8.6 Jasmonic Acid (JA)
10.8.7 Brassinosteroids (BRs)
10.9 Processes Regulated by ROS
10.9.1 Plant Growth and Development
10.9.2 Cell Death
10.9.3 Acclimation to Stressful Conditions
10.10 Conclusion and Perspectives
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 11 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Germinating Seeds: A Q&A Session
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Where Are the ROS Production Sites in Seeds?
11.3 Where Does ROS Act at a Molecular Level?
11.3.1 ROS vs. Lipids
11.3.2 ROS vs. Proteins
11.3.3 ROS vs. Nucleic Acids
11.4 How Do Seeds Protect Themselves from ROS Overdose?
11.4.1 Passive Mechanisms
11.4.2 Active Mechanisms
11.4.3 DDR and ROS in Seeds
11.5 How Does ROS Influence Seed Dormancy?
11.6 How Does the Crosstalk Between ROS and Phytohormones Influences Seed Germination?
11.7 Which Are the Roles of ROS in Seed Priming and Seed Longevity?
11.7.1 ROS vs. Seed Priming
11.7.2 ROS vs. Seed Longevity
11.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 12 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Salinity
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of ROS and Damages
12.3 Sites of ROS Production
12.3.1 Chloroplast
12.3.2 Peroxisomes
12.3.3 Mitochondria
12.3.4 Apoplast
12.4 Antioxidant Machinery
12.4.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
12.4.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase
12.4.1.2 Catalase
12.4.1.3 Ascorbate Peroxidise
12.4.1.4 Guaiacol Peroxidise
12.4.1.5 Glutathione Reductase
12.4.1.6 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase
12.4.1.7 Dehydroascorbate Reductase
12.4.2 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants
12.4.2.1 Ascorbic Acid
12.4.2.2 Glutathione
12.4.2.3 Tocopherol
12.4.2.4 Carotenoids
12.4.2.5 Flavonoids
12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 13 ROS Modulation in Crop Plants Under Drought Stress
13.1 Introduction
13.2 ROS Generation: An Overview
13.2.1 Singlet Oxygen (1O2)
13.2.2 Superoxide Radical (O2)
13.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
13.2.4 Hydroxyl Radical (OH)
13.3 Site of ROS Production in Plants
13.4 Enhanced ROS Production in Drought
13.5 ROS Scavenging Mechanism
13.6 ROS Scavenging Enzymes During Drought Stress
13.6.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
13.6.2 Catalase (CAT)
13.6.3 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
13.6.4 Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)
13.6.5 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR)
13.6.6 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR)
13.6.7 Glutathione Reductase (GR)
13.7 Non-Enzymatic ROS Scavenging Under Drought Stress
13.7.1 Ascorbic Acid, AsA
13.7.2 Tocopherols
13.7.3 Glutathione
13.7.4 Thioredoxin
13.7.5 Peroxiredoxins
13.7.6 Glutaredoxin
13.8 Signaling Under Drought Stress
13.8.1 Hormones and ROS Interaction
13.8.1.1 Auxin
13.8.1.2 Abscisic Acid
13.8.1.3 Brassinosteroids
13.8.1.4 Gibberellic Acid
13.8.1.5 Jasmonic Acid (JA)
13.8.2 ROS and Calcium Signaling
13.9 Concluding Remark and Future Perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under High Temperature
14.1 Introduction
14.2 HT Stress Induced by Oxidative Stress in Major Food Crops
14.3 Antioxidant Defense System Under HT Stress
14.3.1 Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense
14.3.2 Non Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense
14.3.2.1 Carotenoids
14.3.2.2 Anthocyanin
14.3.2.3 Glultathione
14.3.2.4 Osmolytes
14.3.2.5 Plant Hormones
14.3.2.6 Nitrous Oxide
14.3.2.7 Ascorbic Acid (AsA)
14.3.2.8 Polyamines
14.3.2.9 Selenium
14.4 Transgenic Plants a New Approach to Induce Oxidative Stress Tolerance
14.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 15 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity
15.1 Introduction to Oxidative Stress in Plants
15.1.1 Lipids Damages Due to Oxidative Stress
15.1.2 Protein Damages Due to Oxidative Stress
15.1.3 DNA Damages Due to Oxidative Stress
15.2 Metal and Metalloid Toxicity and Oxidative Stress
15.3 Production of Antioxidants Due to Metal Toxicity
15.4 Mechanism of Antioxidant Defense System in Plants
15.4.1 Non-enzymatic Antioxidant Defense System
15.4.1.1 Ascorbate (AsA)
15.4.1.2 Glutathione
15.4.1.3 Tocopherols
15.4.1.4 Carotenoids
15.4.1.5 Phenolic Compounds
15.4.2 Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense System
15.4.2.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
15.4.2.2 Catalase (CAT)
15.4.2.3 Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPX)
15.4.2.4 Enzymes of Ascorbate Glutathione (AsA-GSH) Cycle
References
Chapter 16 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Effects of UV Radiation on Plants
16.3 UV-B Perception
16.4 UV-B-induced Signal Transduction and Photomorphogenesis
16.5 UV-Induced Oxidative Stress
16.6 ROS Signaling in Plants Under Oxidative Stress
16.7 ROS Produced in Plants Under Oxidative Stress
16.7.1 Singlet Oxygen (1O2)
16.7.2 Superoxide Radicals (O2-)
16.7.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
16.7.4 Hydroxyl Radicals (OH)
16.8 Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)
16.9 Effect of UV on DNA
16.10 ROS and Proteins
16.11 Effect of UV on Photosynthesis
16.11.1 Effect of UV on Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase
16.12 Localization of the Oxidative Scavenging Pathways in Plants Cells
16.13 Metabolism of ROS
16.14 Enzymatic Defense
16.14.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
16.14.2 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
16.14.3 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
16.14.4 Peroxidase (POD)
16.14.5 Catalase (CATs)
16.15 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants
16.16 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 17 Methods/Protocols for Determination of Oxidative Stress in Crop Plants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 ROS Determination in Plants
17.3 Estimation of Biochemical Components
17.3.1 Total Chlorophyll Estimation
17.3.2 Estimation of Anthocyanin
17.3.3 Estimation of Malondialdehyde (MDA)
17.3.4 Estimation of Proline
17.3.4.1 Isatin Paper Assay
17.3.4.2 Colorimetric Assay
17.3.4.3 Quantification of Proline using HPLC
17.3.5 Estimation of Glycine Betaine
17.4 Assays for Measurement of Total Antioxidants in Plants
17.4.1 Estimation of Non-enzymatic Antioxidants
17.4.1.1 Estimation of Ascorbic Acid
17.4.1.2 Estimation of Tocopherol
17.4.1.3 Estimation of Reduced Glutathione
17.4.1.4 Estimation of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids
17.4.1.5 Antioxidant Capacity Using DPPH Assay
17.4.1.6 Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Assay (FRAP)
17.4.2 Antioxidant Enzyme Assays
17.4.2.1 Preparation of Plant Extract for Antioxidant Enzyme Assays
17.4.2.2 Estimation of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
17.4.2.3 Estimation of Catalase (CAT)
17.4.2.4 Estimation of Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
17.4.2.5 Estimation of Glutathione Reductase (GR)
17.4.2.6 Estimation of Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR)
17.4.2.7 Estimation of Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR)
17.5 Direct Methods
17.5.1 Estimation of H2O2
17.5.2 Direct Detection of ROS by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
17.5.3 Histochemical Staining Methods
17.5.3.1 Estimation of Total ROS Using DCFDA
17.5.3.2 Estimation of Superoxide Anion by NBT Staining
17.5.3.3 Detection of Singlet Oxygen
17.5.3.4 Estimation of H2O2 by DAB Staining
17.6 Role of Plants Hormones During Biotic and Abiotic Stress
17.7 Estimation of Phytohormones by HPLC-MS/MS
17.8 Concluding Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 18 Does Seed Priming Play a Role in Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Under Saline Conditions?
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
18.2.1 Sites of ROS Synthesis
18.2.2 Damaging Effects of ROS
18.2.3 Beneficial Effects of ROS
18.3 Seed Priming
18.3.1 Priming Techniques and Agents
18.3.2 Hydro-priming
18.3.3 Osmo-Priming
18.3.4 Halo-Priming
18.3.5 Hormonal Priming
18.3.6 Chemical Priming
18.3.7 Bio-priming
18.3.8 Nutrient Priming
18.4 Changes Induced During Seed Priming
18.4.1 Physiological Changes
18.4.2 Biochemical and Molecular Changes
18.5 How Seed Priming Regulates Salt Tolerance?
18.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 19 Computer-Assisted Image Analysis of the Distribution and Intensity of Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation in Plant Leaves
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Plant Material and Histochemical ROS Detection
19.3 Image Measurement System Framework
19.4 Image Segmentation
19.5 Classification of ROS Regions
19.6 The Detection of ROS with WRF Classifier
19.7 Comparison of ROS Regions Segmentation Results and Accuracy
19.8 Conclusions
References
Section II Reactive Nitrogen Species Metabolism and Signalling
Chapter 20 Role of Nitric Oxide in Physiological and Stress Responses of Plants Under Darkness
20.1 Introduction
20.2 NO Synthesis and Regulation by Dark
20.3 Seedling Growth and Development in the Dark
20.4 Dark-Induced Senescence
20.5 Dark-Induced Stomatal Closure and Stress Responses
20.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Nitric Oxide and Phytohormones Cross-Talk During Abiotic Stresses Responses in Plants
21.1 Introduction
21.2 NO-Phytohormone Cross Talk Under Drought Stress
21.3 NO-phytohormone Cross Talk Under Heavy Metals Stress
21.4 NO-phytohormone Cross Talk Under Salinity Stress
21.5 NO-phytohormone Cross Talk Under Temperature Stress
21.6 NO-phytohormone Cross Talk Under Other Abiotic Stresses
21.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 22 The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Antioxidant Defense of Plants Exposed to UV-B Radiation
22.1 Introduction: What Is UV-B and How Much UV-B Is Reaching the Earth?
22.2 UV-B Is a Stressor and a Signal
22.3 How Does UV-B Produce ROS?
22.4 Endogenous Nitric Oxide Is a Component of the UV-B Response in Plants
22.5 Genes Participating on the UV-B Response Are Regulated by NO
22.6 Are the Nitric Oxide and the UV-B Receptor UVR8 Work Coordinately in the Response of Arabidopsis to UV-B?
22.7 Nitric Oxide Positively Influences the Stability of UVR8
22.8 A Comprehensive Model of NO Role in the Antioxidant Response of Plants to UV-B
22.9 Other Components of the Aantioxidant System: GSH as a Redox Buffer. GSNO as NO Reservoir. SNO and S-Nitrosylation
22.10 Different Effects of NO in the Regulation of the Antioxidant System
22.11 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23 Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Production, Regulation and Function During Defense Response
23.1 Introduction
23.2 ROS and NO Metabolism in Plants
23.3 ROS and NO Production and Regulation During Basal Resistance: PTI Response
23.4 ROS and NO Production and Regulation During Incompatible Interaction: Hypersensitive Response (HR)
23.5 ROS and NO Function During Plant Immunity
23.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24 Role of Nitric Oxide in Growth Regulation and Re-orientation of Pollen Tubes
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Role of NO in Sexual Reproduction
24.3 NO Signaling: Multitasking in Plants
24.4 NO
an Effective Weapon for Plant Defense
24.5 Search for NO-Sensing Molecules in Plants
24.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25 Nitric Oxide (NO)-Mediated Plant Stress Signaling
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Molecular Mechanisms of NO Signaling
25.2.1 cGMP-Mediated NO Signaling
25.2.2 Interplays Between NO, cADPR and Ca2+
25.2.3 cGMP-Independent NO-Signaling
25.3 NO and Abiotic/Biotic Stress Signaling
25.3.1 NO and Abiotic Stresses
25.3.2 NO and Biotic Stress Responses
25.3.3 NO and Oxidative Burst
25.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and Plant Stress Responses
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Synthesis of S-Nitrosoglutathione
26.2.1 Biological Mechanism of GSNO Synthesis
26.2.1.1 Routes for GSNO Formation
26.3 Catabolism of GSNO
26.4 Role of GSNO in Plants
26.5 Cross-Stalk with Other Molecules
26.5.1 Auxin
26.5.2 Gibberellins
26.5.3 Cytokinins
26.5.4 NO and Other Signaling Molecules
26.6 GSNO During Stress in Plants
26.7 Conclusion
References
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Section III Reactive Sulfur Species Metabolism and Signaling
Chapter 27 Hydrogen Sulfide in Guard Cell Signaling
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Guard Cells
27.2 Hydrogen Sulfide
27.2.1 Hydrogen Sulfide Biology in Guard Cells
27.2.2 H2S and ABA in Guard Cell Signaling
27.2.3 H2S and Ethylene in Guard Cell Signaling
27.2.4 H2S and ROS in Guard Cell Signaling
27.2.5 H2S and NO in Guard Cell Signaling
27.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28 Hydrogen Sulfide: A New Gasotransmitter in Plant Defenses
28.1 Introduction
28.2 H2S Biosynthesis
28.3 The Physiological Functions of H2S
28.4 Drought and Salt Stress
28.5 Extreme Temperature Stress
28.6 Heavy Metal and Metalloid Stress
28.7 Pathogen Stress
28.8 Interactions Between H2S and Other Signal Molecules
28.9 H2S and Other Phytohormones
28.10 H2S and ROS
28.11 Cross-Talk Between H2S and Other Gasotransmitters
28.12 Conclusion and Prospective
References
Chapter 29 Interplay Between Hydrogen Sulfide and Calcium Signaling in Plant Abiotic Stress Response and Adaptation
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling
29.3 Calcium Signaling
29.4 Interplay Between Hydrogen Sulfide and Calcium Signaling
29.5 Heat Stress and Heat Tolerance
29.6 Heavy Metal Stress and Adaptation
29.7 Drought Stress and Stomatal Movement
29.8 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Chapter 30 Reactive Sulfur Species-Key Regulators of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Sulfate Uptake, Transport and Assimilation
30.3 Physiological Functions of S Metabolites
30.4 Sulfur Metabolism: Regulation and Role in Stress Tolerance
30.4.1 Salinity
30.4.2 Drought
30.4.3 Metal Toxicity
30.4.4 High or Low Temperature
30.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 31 Reactive Sulfur Species: A New Player in Plant Physiology?
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Reactive Sulfur Species Generation and Its Interplay with ROS
31.3 Hydrogen Sulfide as Non-Radical Reducing RSS
31.3.1 General Overview
31.3.2 Biosynthesis of H2S
31.3.3 How Acts H2S Biochemically?
31.4 Role for RSS in Plant Development: Allicin as RSS Affects Root Growth
31.5 Reactive Sulfur Species: From Fertilization to Induction of the Plant's Resistance
31.6 Reactive Sulfur Species as Defense Molecules in Plants and Its Mode of Action in Microbes
31.7 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 32 Role of Reactive Sulfur Species in the Oxidative Metabolism in Plants
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS)
32.3 Sources/Production of Reactive Sulfur Species
32.4 Mechanism Involved in the Production of RSS
32.5 Role of Reactive Sulfur Species in Plant Metabolism
32.5.1 Oxidative Species Scavenging Systems in Plant Cells
32.5.2 Antioxidant Molecules and Redox Cofactors
32.5.2.1 Glutathione (GSH)
32.5.2.2 Ascorbate
32.5.2.3 Alpha-Tocopherol
32.5.2.4 Carotenoids and Flavonoids
32.5.2.5 NAD(P)+
32.5.2.6 Flavin
32.5.3 Antioxidant Enzymes
32.5.3.1 Thioredoxin System (TRXs)
32.5.3.2 Glutathione-Dependent System
32.5.3.3 Peroxiredoxin (PRXs)
32.5.3.4 Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTs)
32.5.3.5 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
32.6 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 33 Hydrogen Sulfide in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Progress and Perspectives
33.1 Introduction
33.1.1 H2S Synthesis and Functions in Plants
33.1.2 Detection Methods, Donors and Inhibitors of H2S
33.2 H2S in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
33.2.1 H2S and Its Interaction with Other Signaling Molecules During Plant Abiotic Stress
33.2.2 Role of H2S in Salinity Stress
33.2.3 Role of H2S in UV-B Stress
33.2.4 Role of H2S in Flooding Tolerance
33.2.5 Role of H2S in Heat Stress Tolerance
33.2.6 Role of H2S in Cold Tolerance
33.2.7 Role of H2S in Drought Tolerance
33.2.8 Role of H2S in Heavy Metal and Other Metalloid Stresses
33.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Section IV Crosstalk Among Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species
Chapter 34 Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species and Oxidative Metabolism Under Waterlogging Stress
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
34.3 Site of ROS Production
34.4 ROS Metabolism and Oxidative Damage Under Waterlogging Stress
34.5 Antioxidative Metabolism Under Waterlogging Stress
34.5.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
34.5.2 Catalase (CAT)
34.5.3 Peroxidase (POX)
34.5.4 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
34.5.5 Glutathione Reductase (GR)
34.5.6 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR)
34.5.7 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR)
34.6 Antioxidant Metabolites
34.6.1 Ascorbate
34.6.2 Glutathione
34.7 Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Nitrosative Stress
34.8 RNS Metabolism Under Waterlogging Stress
34.9 Interaction of NO with Plant Hemoglobins
34.10 RNS and Antioxidant Metabolism
34.11 Aerenchyma Formation Under Waterlogging
34.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 35 Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Stress-Induced Programmed Death of Plant Cultured Cells
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Reactive Oxygen Species in PCD of Plant Cultured Cells
35.3 Reactive Nitrogen Species in PCD of Plant Cultured Cells
35.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 36 Finding a Place for NO in Everyday Plant Life
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Modes of Action in Higher Plants
36.3 NO Effects on Photosynthesis
36.4 NO and NO3 Signaling
36.5 The Influence of NO on Photoassimilate Partitioning and Sink-Source Relations
36.6 Role of NO in Plant Sensing of its C to N Balance and Switching between Primary and Secondary Metabolism
36.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 37 H2O2, NO, and H2S: Tailoring in Suiting Plants against Abiotic Stresses
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Interplay Between Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide
37.3 Interplay Between Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrogen Sulfide
37.4 Interplay Between Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide
37.5 Interplay Among Hydrogen Peroxide, Nitric Oxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 38 Cross Talk Among Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur During Abiotic Stress in Plants
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Cellular Generation of Free Radicals
38.2.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
38.2.2 Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)
38.2.3 Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS)
38.3 Role of Free Radicals in Plant Defense Under Abiotic Stress
38.4 Crosstalk Among ROS, RNS and RSS Under Abiotic Stress
38.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 39 Emerging Technologies for Enhancing ROS/RNS Homeostasis
39.1 Introduction
39.2 ROS/RNS Homeostasis in Plants
39.2.1 Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Scavenging in Plants
39.2.2 Nitric Oxide Generation and Function in Plants
39.2.2.1 Mechanisms of Formation and Scavenging of Nitric Oxide
39.2.2.2 The Main Functions of Nitric Oxide at Plants
39.2.3 Interplay Between Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species
39.2.3.1 Influence of Nitric Oxide on Activity of NADPH Oxidase
39.2.3.2 Influence of Nitric Oxide on Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes
39.2.3.3 Interaction of Nitric Oxide with Glutathione
39.2.3.4 Direct Interaction of ROS and NO
39.2.3.5 Influence of NO on Activity of Alternative Oxidase
39.3 Application of Nitric Oxide Donors for Induction of Abiotic Stress Resistance
39.3.1 Drought
39.3.2 Salt Stress
39.3.3 Extreme Temperatures and NO
39.3.3.1 Hypothermia
39.3.3.2 Hyperthermia
39.3.4 Heavy Metal Stress
39.4 Perspectives for Nitric Oxide Donors in Agriculture
39.4.1 Seed Vigor and Dormancy
39.4.2 Ripening and Post Harvested Shelf Life
39.4.3 Nitric Oxide Donors for Biotechnological Applications in Wound Healing
39.5 The Ways for Improvement of NO Donor Application
39.5.1 Co-application of Nitric Oxide Donors with Fertilizers
39.5.2 Perspectives on the Use of Nanoparticles Releasing Nitric Oxide in Produce and Crop Industry
39.6 Transgenic Approaches and Genome Editing for Regulation of ROS/NOS Homeostasis
39.6.1 Transgenic Approaches to Regulate Antioxidant Defense System and Nitric Oxide Production
39.6.2 Perspectives for Regulation of Micro RNAs and Nitric Oxide Cross Talk in Stress Tolerance in Plants
39.6.3 Genome Editing and Synthetic Biology
References
Chapter 40 Compartmentalization of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Production in Plant Cells
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Subcellular Localization of ROS and NO Production in Plant Cells
40.2.1 Cell Wall, Apoplastu and Cytoplasmic Membrane
40.2.2 Cytosol
40.2.3 Mitochondria
40.2.4 Chloroplasts
40.2.5 Peroxisomes
40.2.6 Glyoxysomes
40.2.7 Endoplasmic Reticulum
40.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Index
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