Techniques in Speech Acoustics
provides an introduction to the acoustic analysis and characteristics of speech sounds. The first part of the book covers aspects of the source-filter decomposition of speech, spectrographic analysis, the acoustic theory of speech production and acoustic phonetic cues. The second part is based on computational techniques for analysing the acoustic speech signal including digital time and frequency analyses, formant synthesis, and the linear predictive coding of speech. There is also an introductory chapter on the classification of acoustic speech signals which is relevant to aspects of automatic speech and talker recognition.
The book intended for use as teaching materials on undergraduate and postgraduate speech acoustics and experimental phonetics courses; also aimed at researchers from phonetics, linguistics, computer science, psychology and engineering who wish to gain an understanding of the basis of speech acoustics and its application to fields such as speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition.
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ISBN-13
978-94-011-4657-9 (9789401146579)
DOI
10.1007/978-94-011-4657-9
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 The Scope of Speech Acoustics.- 1.1 What is speech acoustics?.- 1.2 The variable nature of speech.- 1.3 Experimental designs in speech acoustics.- 1.4 Some key areas of research in speech acoustics.- 2 The Physics of Speech.- 2.1 Speech waveforms.- 2.2 Frequency analysis.- 3 The Acoustic Theory of Speech Production.- 3.1 The source-filter decomposition of speech.- 3.2 The acoustic source in speech production.- 3.3 The acoustic filter in speech production.- 3.4 Vocal tract losses.- 3.5 Radiated sound pressure.- 3.6 The composite model.- 4 Segmental and Prosodic Cues.- 4.1 Vowels.- 4.2 Oral stops.- 4.3 Nasal consonants.- 4.4 Fricatives.- 4.5 Approximants.- 4.6 Prosody and juncture.- 5 Time-Domain Analysis.- 5.1 Sampling and quantisation.- 5.2 Definition of a digital signal.- 5.3 Simple operations on signals.- 5.4 Windowing signals.- 5.5 Some common time-domain parameters.- 5.6 Convolution and time-domain filtering.- 6 Frequency-Domain Analysis.- 6.1 Digital sinusoids.- 6.2 The discrete Fourier transform.- 6.3 Spectra derived from the DFT.- 6.4 Some points of procedure in applying a DFT.- 6.5 Spectral parameterisations.- 6.6 Frequency-domain filtering.- 7 Digital Formant Synthesis.- 7.1 Core structure of a formant synthesiser.- 7.2 Digital considerations.- 7.3 Periodic excitation.- 7.4 Formant filter.- 7.5 Combining the source with the filter.- 7.6 Parallel structure.- 8 Linear Prediction of Speech.- 8.1 LPC and its relationship to digital speech.- 8.2 Techniques for calculating the LPC coefficients.- 8.3 Analysis of the error signal.- 8.4 LPC-smoothed spectra and formants.- 8.5 Area functions and reflection coefficients.- 8.6 Speech synthesis from LPC-parameters.- 9 Classification of Speech Data.- 9.1 Speech spaces and distance measures.- 9.2 Distributions of speech sounds.- 9.3 Discriminant functions and classification.- 9.4 Classification experiments.- 9.5 Classifying signals in time.- 9.6 Data reduction.- References.
