Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology

Name: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology
Brand: Wiley
Price: 173.99 EUR
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Raymond D. Harbison Marie M. Bourgeois Giffe T. Johnson(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

6. Auflage

Erschienen am 16. März 2015

1368 Seiten

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Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
The Heritage of Alice Hamilton, M.D. and Harriet Hardy, M.D.
In Memory
Preface
Section I: Introduction
1. The Modern Approach to the Diagnosis of Occupational Disease
BACKGROUND
COMPONENTS OF THE DIAGNOSIS
The History of Illness
The Physical and Laboratory Examinations
Use of Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Risk Characterization Information
Exposure and Dose
Duration of Exposure
Type of Contact
Level of Exposure
Environmental Exposure
DETERMINING THE CAUSE OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
Causal Inference
Epidemiology and Statistical Considerations
REGULATORY INFORMATION
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
REFERENCES
2: Controls of Occupational Diseases
BACKGROUND, SCOPE, AND PURPOSE
REGULATING BODIES AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLLING EXPOSURES AND DISEASES
CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
Section II: Metals and Metalloids
3. Introduction
REFERENCES
4: Alkali Compounds
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
AMMONIA
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
REFERENCES
LIME (CALCIUM OXIDE
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE)
BACKGROUND AND USES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
5: Aluminum
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
6: Antimony
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
7: Arsenic
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Arsine
Organoarsenicals
Chronic Effects and Cancer
Arsine
Organoarsenicals
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
Environmental Fate and Bioaccumulation
Organoarsenicals
Ecotoxicology
Acute Effects and Chronic Effects
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
U.S. EPA
Inorganic Arsenic
Arsine
Organoarsenicals
ATSDR
RIVM
Other Standard Regulations and Guidelines
WHO
Cal EPA
REFERENCES
8: Barium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Hypothesized Modes of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
9: Beryllium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
10: Bismuth and Related Compounds
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
HEALTH EFFECTS
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity
Reproduction
MODE OF ACTION
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
Sources of Exposure
Industrial Hygiene
RISK ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
11: Boron
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
12: Cadmium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Aquatic Species
Terrestrial Organisms
Chronic Effects
Aquatic Organisms
Terrestrial Organisms
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Respiratory
Renal
Cancer
Skeletal
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
Toxicity
Entrance and Metabolism
Excretion
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Exposure Limits
ACGIH
NIOSH
OSHA
RISK ASSESSMENTS
Listings as Hazardous Waste
IRIS
WHO
ATSDR
Inhalation
Oral
IARC
ACGIH
EPA
CalEPA
FDA
REFERENCES
13: Chromium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE (PPE)
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
14: Cobalt
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Animal Acute Toxicity
Human Acute Toxicity
Dermal
Respiratory
Cardiac
Chronic Effects
Animal Chronic Effects
Human Chronic Effects
Mode of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Diagnosis
Treatment
REFERENCES
15: Copper
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
16: Gallium and Indium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
17: Germanium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Studies
Repeated Dose Studies
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
18: Gold
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
19: Iron
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
20: Lead
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
Air
Water
Soil
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Neurological
Renal
Cardiovascular
Hematological
Musculoskeletal
Gastrointestinal
Immunological
Reproductive
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
Neurological
Hypertension
Renal
Hematological
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Exposure Limits
ACGIH
NIOSH
OSHA
RISK ASSESSMENTS
Listings as Hazardous Waste
IRIS
ATSDR
IARC
ACGIH
NTP
EPA
CalEPA
FDA
REFERENCES
21: Lithium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
22: Manganese
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
23: Mercury
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Metallic and Inorganic Mercury
Organic Mercury
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Exposure Limits
ACGIH
NIOSH
OSHA
RISK ASSESSMENTS
Listings as Hazardous Waste
IRIS
WHO
ATSDR
Inhalation
Oral
IARC
ACGIH
EPA
CalEPA
FDA
REFERENCES
24: Molybdenum
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
25: Nickel
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Inhalation
Dermal
Oral
Chronic Effects
Inhalation
Dermal
Oral
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
General Population
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
26: Tantalum and Niobium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
27: Platinum Group Elements: Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, and Ruthenium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
28: Platinum
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
29: Rare Earth Metals
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Carcinogenicity
Mechanism of Action(s) and Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
30: Selenium and its Compounds
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
Bioaccumulation
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Animals
Hepatic
Dermatological
Caries
Neurological
Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity
Diabetes
Endocrine
Carcinogenicity
Glaucoma
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
NUTRITION ESSENTIALITY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
Reference Dose (RfD) (U.S. EPA, 2011)
Minimal Risk level (MRL) (ATSDR, 2003)
Acceptable Daily Dose (ADD) (OEHHA, 2010)
REFERENCES
31: Silver
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
32: Tellurium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Studies
Repeated Dose Studies
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
33: Thallium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
34: Tin
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Carcinogenicity
Tin Mining and Lung Cancer
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
35: Titanium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
36: Tungsten
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
37: Vanadium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND BIOACCUMULATION
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mode of Action(s)
Chronic Inflammation
Genotoxicity
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
38: Zinc
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
39: Hafnium and Zirconium
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
40: Metal Fume Fever and Metal-Related Lung Disease
METAL-RELATED LUNG DISEASE
Occupational Asthma
IgE-MEDIATED ACUTE AND LATE PHASE REACTIONS
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
METAL PNEUMCONIOSIS
ACUTE PNEUMONITIS
METAL-INDUCED LUNG CANCER
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE OR EMPHYSEMA
REFERENCES
Section III: Chemical Compounds I
41. Introduction
42: Carbon Dioxide
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
43: Carbon Monoxide
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
44: Carbon Disulfide
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Neurological Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Other Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathophysiology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Diagnosis and Treatment
Biomonitoring
REFERENCES
45: Hydrogen Sulfide
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Carcinogenicity
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
46: Cyanide
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
47: Halogens
CHLORINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Diagnosis and Treatment
REFERENCES
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Medical Surveillance
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
IODINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
BROMINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
48: Phosgene
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
49: Nitrogen Compounds
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
BIOLOGICAL MARKERS
SILO FILLERS' DISEASE (SFD)
REFERENCES
50: Oxygen and Ozone
OXYGEN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
OZONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
51: Phosphorus Compounds
HISTORY
WHITE/YELLOW PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE
PHOSPHORUS PENTASULFIDE
PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE
PHOSPHORUS ANHYDRIDE/PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
PHOSPHINE AND PHOSPHIDES
REFERENCES
52: Sulfur Compounds
HISTORY
SULFUR DIOXIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
First Aid
Chronic Effects
MODE OF ACTION(S)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
WHO
ATSDR
IARC
ACGIH
EPA
CalEPA
REFERENCES
SULFURIC ACID
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
First Aid
Chronic Effects
MODE OF ACTION(S)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
IARC
ACGIH
EPA
CalEPA
REFERENCES
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
First Aid
Chronic Effects
MODE OF ACTION(S)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
WHO
ATSDR
IARC
ACGIH
EPA
CalEPA
REFERENCES
Section IV: Organic Compounds
53. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
METHANE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHANE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PROPANE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
BUTANE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects*
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
n-HEXANE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
CUTTING OILS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
LUBRICATING OILS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
54: Alcohols and Glycols
1-PENTANOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ALLYL ALCOHOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
METHANOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHANOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
PROPANOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
ISOPROPANOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
n-BUTANOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF DIETYHLENE GLYCOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
55: Aldehydes and Ketones
ALDEHYDES
FORMALDEHYDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ACETALDEHYDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ACROLEIN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
CINNAMALDEHYDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
CROTONALDEHYDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
FURFURAL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
GLUTARALDEHYDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
KETONES
ACETONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
CYCLOHEXANONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
METHYL n-BUTYL KETONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
OTHER KETONES
ISOPHORONE
BENZOPHENONE
REFERENCES
56: Ethers and Epoxides
ETHYL ETHER
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
HALOETHER
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHYLENE OXIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
DIOXANE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
57: Esters
ALIPHATIC ESTERS
METHYL FORMATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHYL FORMATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
METHYL ACETATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHYL ACETATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
n-, sec-, AND tert-BUTYL ACETATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
OTHER ALIPHATIC ESTERS
HALOGENATED ACID ESTERS
ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHYL CHLOROACETATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ETHYL 2-BROMOACETATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ALKYL ESTERS OF SULFURIC ACID
DIMETHYL SULFATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
DIETHYL SULFATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PHOSPHATE ESTERS
REFERENCES
TRI-o-CRESYL PHOSPHATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
NITRATE ESTERS
GLYCERYL TRINITRATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PHTHALATES
DIETHYL PHTHALATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
REFERENCES
MISCELLANEOUS ESTERS
REFERENCES
58: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
ALLYL CHLORIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
CHLOROFORM
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
METHYL CHLORIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
METHYL CHLOROFORM
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
PHOSGENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
59: Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons
BROMOBENZENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
METHYL BROMIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
60: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
BENZENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Hematotoxicity
Genotoxicity
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Biomonitoring
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PHENOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
CRESOL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
TOLUENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
HEALTH EFFECTS
Acute Health Effects
Chronic Health Effects
Central Nervous System Toxicity
Reproductive Toxicity
Renal Toxicity
Carcinogenicity
Mechanism of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
BIOMONITORING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
XYLENES
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
Carcinogenicity
MECHANISM OF ACTION
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
BIOMONITORING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MECHANISM OF ACTION
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
BIOMONITORING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
HYDROQUINONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
HEALTH EFFECTS
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHNANISM OF ACTION
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
TREATMENT
REFERENCES
OTHER HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
TURPENTINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
HEALTH EFFECTS
HISTOPATHOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
61: Amino and Nitro Compounds
ANILINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MECHANISM(S) OF ACTION
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
o-TOLUIDINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
o-ANISIDINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism(s) of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
o-NITROTOLUENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
NITROBENZENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MECHANISM(S) OF ACTION
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
2-NITROPROPANE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MECHANISM(S) OF ACTION
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
62: Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Hypothesized Modes of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
U.S. EPA
ATSDR
WHO
NTP
REFERENCES
63: Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Oral Exposure
Inhalation Exposure
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action
Kidney
Liver
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
64: tert-Butyl Alcohol
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chronic Oral Exposure Studies
Chemical Pathology
Hypothesized Modes of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
65: Naphthalene
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Hemolytic Anemia
Cataracts
Respiratory Tract Lesions
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
REGULATORY REPORTS ON CARCINOGENESIS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
66: Gasoline (Petrol, Motor Spirits, Motor Fuel, Natural Gasoline, Benzin, Mogas)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Carcinogenicity
Mechanism of Action(s) and Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
First Aid/Pre-hospital Measures
Medical Care
Delayed Effects
Follow-up
REFERENCES
67: 1-Bromopropane
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Studies
Repeated Dose Studies
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
68: Diacetyl
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
69: Perfluoroalkyl Compounds
PERFLUORO BUTYL SULFONATE (PFBS)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROBUTYRATE (PFBA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROHEXANE SULFONATE (PFHxS)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROHEXANOIC ACID (PFHxA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROHEPTANOATE (PFHpA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE (PFOS)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID (PFOA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUORONONANOIC ACID (PFNA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUORODECANOIC ACID (PFDA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUOROUNDECANOIC ACID (PFUnA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PERFLUORODODECANOIC ACID (PFDoA)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
70: Tetrahydrofuran
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Short-Term Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Exposure Limits
Respiratory and Personal Protection
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
71: Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Cancer
Noncancer
Agency Evaluations
Mechanism(s) of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
72: Trichloroethylene
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Cancer
Noncancer
Agency Evaluations
Mechanism(s) of Action
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
73: Acrylonitrile
BACKGROUND, USES, AND GENERAL SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Noncancer
Carcinogenicity
Hypothesized Modes of Action
POTENTIAL EXPOSURES
General Population
Occupational
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
RISK ASSESSMENTS
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
California Environmental Protection Agency
Australian National Industrial Chemical Notifications and Assessment Scheme
European Union Risk Assessment Report
World Health Organization
Health Canada
International Agency for Research on Cancer
National Toxicology Program
National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
REFERENCES
Section V: Organic High Polymers, Monomers, and Polymer Additives
74. Introduction
HAZARDS FOLLOWING COMBUSTION
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, HEALTH, AND SAFETY STANDARDS
75: Plastics
THERMOSETTING RESINS
Amino Resins
REFERENCES
Epoxy Resins
REFERENCES
Phenolics
REFERENCES
Polyesters and Alkyls
REFERENCES
Polyurethane
REFERENCES
Silicones
REFERENCES
THERMOPLASTICS
Acetal Resins
Acrylics
REFERENCES
1,3-Butadiene
REFERENCES
Polystyrene
REFERENCES
Cellulose Derivatives (Cellulosics)
Fluoroplastics
REFERENCES
Polyamides
REFERENCES
Polycarbonates
REFERENCES
Polyvinyl Chloride
REFERENCES
Acrylamide
REFERENCES
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
REFERENCES
Others
REFERENCES
76: Elastomers
BACKGROUND
REFERENCES
POLYETHYLENES
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMERS AND TERPOLYMERS
FLUORINATED ELASTOMERS
NEOPRENE
CHLOROPRENE
Industrial Hygiene
Acute and Chronic Effects
Target Sites
REFERENCES
POLYISOBUTYLENE
POLYISOPRENE
ISOPRENE
Industrial Hygiene
Acute and Chronic Effects
Target Site and Mechanism of Action
Biomonitoring
REFERENCES
POLYSULFIDE RUBBER
POLYURETHANE
REFERENCE
SILICONE RUBBERS
STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER RUBBERS
REFERENCES
ADDITIVES IN ELASTOMER SYSTEMS
REFERENCE
77: Synthetic Fibers
BACKGROUND
ACETATES
ACRYLICS
NYLON
ARAMID
POLYESTERS
POLYURETHANE
RAYON
REFERENCES
78: Bisphenol A (4,4´-Isopropylidenediphenol)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Subchronic and Chronic Effects
Reproductive and Developmental Effects
Neurological Effects
Immunological Effects
Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects
Mode of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
79: Polystyrene/Styrene
STYRENE
BACKGROUND AND USES
EXPOSURE
HEALTH EFFECTS
Noncancer
Cancer
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
MODE OF ACTION, GENOTOXICITY
CANCER CLASSIFICATION
OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS
REFERENCES
80: Phthalates
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
81: Decabromodiphenyl Ethane
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Studies
Repeated Dose Studies
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
82: Tetrabromobisphenol A
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Studies
Repeated Dose Studies
Modes of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
83: Tris[2-Chloro-1-(Chloromethyl)Ethyl] Phosphate (TDCPP)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Studies
Repeated Dose Studies
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
84: Tris(2-Chloro-1-Methylethyl) Phosphate (TCPP)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Studies
Repeated Dose Studies
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
Section VI: Pesticides
85: Introduction
REFERENCES
86: Insecticides
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
BACKGROUND AND USES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition
Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition
Acute Signs and Symptoms
Occupational Monitoring
Treatment
Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neuropathy
Intermediate Syndrome
Gulf War Syndrome
EXAMPLES OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE AND CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
CARBOFURAN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
CHLORPYRIFOS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
METHYL PARATHION
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
ALDRIN
DIELDRIN
DDT
MIREX AND CHLORDECONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
BOTANICALLY DERIVED INSECTICIDES
PYRETHRIN AND PYRETHRIODS
PERMETHRIN
CYHALOTHRIN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
ROTENONE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
NEONICOTINOIDS
THIAMETHOXAM
IMIDACLOPRID
CLOTHIANIDRIN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
87: Herbicides
INTRODUCTION
REFERENCES
TRIAZINES
ATRAZINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
SIMAZINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
QUATERNARY NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
PARAQUAT
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
DIQUAT
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
TRIAZOLE HERBICIDES
AMITROLE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHLOROPHENOXY HERBICIDES
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
AMIDES
METOLACHLOR
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PROPANIL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
NITRILE HERBICIDES
DICHLOBENIL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
IOXYNIL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
OTHER HERBICIDES
GLYPHOSATE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
PICLORAM
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
TRIFLURALIN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
88: Fungicides
DITHIOCARBAMATES
HEALTH EFFECT
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION
REFERENCES
THIRAM
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
REFERENCES
ZINEB
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
REFERENCES
MANEB
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
REFERENCES
METAM SODIUM
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
REFERENCES
PHTHALIMIDE FUNGICIDES
CAPTAN
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
BIOMONITORING
REFERENCES
CAPTAFOL
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
TARGET ORGANS
REFERENCES
BENOMYL
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
TARGET ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
REFERENCES
OTHER FUNGICIDES
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
ACUTE EFFECTS
CHRONIC EFFECTS
TREATMENT
METABOLISM
TARGET ORGANS
BIOMONITORING
REFERENCES
NON-ANTICOAGULANTS
ZINC PHOSPHIDE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
89: Rodenticides
FIRST-GENERATION ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES (WARFARIN, CHLOROPHACINONE, DIPHACINONE)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
SECOND-GENERATION ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES (BRODIFACOUM, BROMADIOLONE, DIFENACOUM, DIFETHIALONE)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
NON-ANTICOAGULANTS
BROMETHALIN
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
NON-ANTICOAGULANTS
CHOLECALCIFEROL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
Section VII: Dusts and Fibers
90. Introduction
REFERENCES
91: Benign Dusts (Nuisance Dusts)
BACKGROUND
BARIUM
BACKGROUND
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
EXPOSURE ROUTES AND MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
TIN
BACKGROUND
EXPOSURE ROUTES AND MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
IRON
BACKGROUND
EXPOSURE ROUTES AND MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
PERLITE
BACKGROUND
EXPOSURE ROUTES AND MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
CARBON BLACK
BACKGROUND
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
EXPOSURE ROUTES AND MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MANAGEMENT OF NUISANCE DUSTS
REFERENCES
92: Fibrogenic Dusts
ASBESTOS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Asbestosis
Cancer
Lung Cancer
Mesothelioma
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
SILICA
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Silicosis
Carcinogenicity
Renal Toxicity
Chemical Pathology
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
TALC
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mechanism of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
93: Mixed Dusts
COAL
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis
Gastrointestinal Effects
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
MODE OF ACTION(S)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
GRAPHITE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
MODE OF ACTION(S)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
MISCELLANEOUS MIXED DUSTS
CLAYS
REFERENCES
FULLER'S EARTH
REFERENCES
GRANITE
REFERENCE
MICA
REFERENCES
SLATE
REFERENCE
CALCIUM DUSTS
REFERENCES
94: Synthetic Vitreous Fibers
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Manufacturing Process
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action(s)
Chemical Pathology
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
95: Organic Dusts
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ANIMAL HANDLER DISEASES
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
BAGASSOSIS
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
BAKER'S ASTHMA
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
BIRD-HANDLERS OR BIRD-BREEDERS DISEASE
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION(S) AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
BYSSINOSIS
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
COFFEE WORKERS DISEASE
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
DETERGENT WORKERS DISEASE
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
FARMER'S LUNG
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
FARMER'S LUNG VERSUS ORGANIC TOXIC DUST SYNDROME (ODTS)
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ORGANIC DUST TOXIC SYNDROME
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
TEA MAKERS ASTHMA
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS OR ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
WOOD DUSTS
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
ASSOCIATED AGENTS AND ANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
96: Naturally Occurring Mineral Fibers
ASBESTOS
ASBESTOS MINERALS: BACKGROUND AND USES
Historical Overview
Types of Asbestos Mineral Fibers
General Epidemiology and Impact on Occupational Health
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Overall Structure
Chemical Constituents
Shapes of Fibers
Fibers Versus Cleavage Fragments
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Introduction and Historical Overview
Noncancer/Asbestosis/Pleural Plaques
Lung Cancer
Mesothelioma
Modes of Action
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
Geographical Distribution
Environmental Exposure Concentrations
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Measurement Methods
Numerical Values of the Standards/Exposure Limits
RISK ASSESSMENTS
Assumptions Used in Human Health Risk Assessment
Threshold Considerations
REFERENCES
ERIONITE AND OTHER ZEOLITES
BACKGROUND AND USES
Types of Fibers and Their Uses
General Epidemiology and Impact on Occupational Health
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Animal
Human
Chronic Effects
Animal
Human
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Geographical Distribution
Industries and Populations at Risk
Exposure Concentrations
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
MINERAL TALC
BACKGROUND AND USES
Types of Fibers and Their Uses
General Epidemiology and Impact on Occupational Health
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute and Subacute Effects
Animal
Human
Chronic and Subchronic Effects
Animal
Human
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Geographical Distribution
Industries and Populations at Risk
Exposure Concentrations
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
IARC
NTP
REFERENCES
97: Nanoparticles
BACKGROUND AND USES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
REFERENCES
Section VIII: Physical Agents
98. Radio-Frequency Radiation
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
Industrial Hygiene
AB HINC (FROM HERE ON…
)
REFERENCES
99: Optical Radiation: Ultraviolet, Visible Light, Infrared, and Lasers
BACKGROUND AND USES
Ultraviolet Radiation
Visible/IR
Laser Radiation
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Ultraviolet Radiation
Visible/IR
Lasers
BIOEFFECTS
Ultraviolet Radiation
Visible/IR
Lasers
EXPOSURE GUIDELINES
Ultraviolet Radiation
Visible/IR
Lasers
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Ultraviolet and IR Protection
Welding Filters
Lasers
Laser Eye Protectors
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Photokeratitis
Erythema
Laser Eye Injury
REFERENCES
100: Ionizing Radiation
IONIZING RADIATION
Types of Ionizing Radiation
Historical Background
ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION
Dosimetry and Units
Types of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
Natural Sources
Anthropogenic Sources
Notable Sources of Occupational Exposure
HEALTH EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
Interactions Between Ionizing Radiation and Matter
Effects at the Cellular Level
Effects at the Tissue and Organism Level
Cancer and Noncancer Effects
General Noncancer Effects
Reproductive and Developmental Effects
Radiation and Cancer
RADIATION EXPOSURE LIMITS AND GUIDELINES
Exposure Limits and Guidelines for the General Population
Occupational Exposure Limits
REFERENCES
101: Electromagnetic Waves (EMF and RF) and Health Effects
BACKGROUND: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM, NONIONIZING VERSUS IONIZING RADIATION
The Physical Properties of Electromagnetic Waves are Frequency and Intensity
Oscillation Frequencies for Electromagnetic Waves
Absorption of Energy from Electromagnetic Waves
ELECTRIC POWER: 60
Hz ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (EMF)
Properties of Power-Line EMF
Review of Power-Line EMF Bioeffects
Public Health Agency Views on EMF Causing Health Effects
Regulatory Guidelines for Electric and Magnetic Fields
RADIOFREQUENCY (RF) WAVES AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES
Properties of Radiofrequency (RF) Electromagnetic Waves
Research Studies on Health Effects of RF
Public Health Agency Views on RF Causing Health Effects
RF Electromagnetic Wave Exposure Limits and Guidelines
REFERENCES
102: Traumatogens Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
BACKGROUND
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Incidence of Work-Related CTS
Social and Economic Costs
Occupational Factors Associated with CTS Prevalence
Personal Factors Associated with CTS Prevalence
Traumatic and Nontraumatic Causes of CTS
MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OF UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
History
Physical Examination
Electrodiagnostic Studies
Treatment of CTS
Recurrence of CTS
ERGONOMIC EVALUATION OF WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION
Hand Activity Level (HAL) TLV Scoring Sheet
HAL/TLV Scoring Graft
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
103: Vibration
DESCRIPTION OF THE HAZARD
WHOLE-BODY AND HAND-ARM VIBRATION
OCCUPATIONAL VIBRATION STANDARDS
Standards Notes
Whole-Body Vibration Standards Used in the United States
Hand-Arm Vibration Standards Used in the United States
HEALTH EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO VIBRATION
Health and Safety Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Exposure
Health Effects of Hand-Arm Vibration Exposure
VIBRATION CONTROL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
104: Occupational Noise
BACKGROUND
FACTS AND STATISTICS (NIOSH, 2010)
OCCUPATIONAL HEARING LOSS
ANATOMY OF THE EAR
PRINCIPLES AND PHYSICS OF SOUND
NOISE STANDARDS
NOISE-RELATED STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCY'S STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE
STATE STANDARDS
CONSENSUS STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER PROFESISONAL ORGANIZATIONS
REFERENCES
105: Heat Stress Illness
BACKGROUND
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
Section IX: Special Topics
106. Mode of Action/Human Relevance Framework
REFERENCES
107: Carcinogenesis
BACKGROUND
HISTORY
HALLMARKS OF CANCER
HEREDITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY
GENES AND CANCER
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
Mutations
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Genomic Instability
Interdependency of Signaling Pathways
Epigenetics
Cell Cycle
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
Phases of Carcinogenesis
DNA Damage
DNA Damage Recognition and Repair
Cell Cycle Arrest
CHEMICAL AGENTS THAT DAMAGE DNA
Genotoxic Carcinogens
Chemicals that Cross-Link DNA
Chemicals that are Metabolized to Electrophilic Reactants
Natural Products
Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens
Hormones
Asbestos
TOBACCO
THE FUTURE OF ONCOLOGY
REFERENCES
108: Genotoxicity Testing Strategies, Guidelines, and Methods
INTRODUCTION
GENOTOXICITY
Overview
Classification (or Types of Genetic Toxicity Testing)
Strategy and Regulation of the Genotoxicity Assessment
Genotoxicity Assays
In Vitro Assays
In Vivo Assay
Germ Cell Assays
Novel Assays
GENOTOXIC TESTING GUIDELINES
Overview
Regulatory Agency and Its Test Guidelines
OECD
US EPA
US FDA
ICH
Current Testing Assays (ICH Standard Battery)
In Vitro Genotoxicity Testing
In Vivo Genotoxicity Testing
NONANIMAL ALTERNATIVE METHOD
PERSPECTIVE
REFERENCES
109: Human Relevance of Rodent Leydig Cell Tumors
INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
STEROIDOGENESIS
PATHOLOGY
MECHANISM OF TUMOR INDUCTION
HUMAN RELEVANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
110: Reproductive Toxicology
INTRODUCTION
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Physical Agents
Radiation
Heat
Solvents
Bromopropanes
Glycol Ethers
Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene
Other Industrial Chemicals
Acrylamide
Boric Acid
Phthalates
Metals
Cadmium
Lead
Pesticides
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Ethylene Dibromide
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Physical Agents
Ionizing Radiation
Ergonomic Factors/Occupational Stress
Solvents
Bromopropanes
Glycol Ethers
Other Industrial Chemicals
Vinylcyclohexene and Related Compounds
Metals
Cadmium
Lead
Mercury
Pesticides
Organochlorine Pesticides
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY
Physical Agents
Ionizing Radiation
Solvents
Ethanol
Glycol Ethers
Toluene
Other Industrial Chemicals
Bisphenol A
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene
Hexachlorobenzene
Vinyl Chloride
Metals
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Mercury
REFERENCES
111: Developmental Toxicology
PRENATAL EXPOSURES
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND WINDOWS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
POSTNATAL EXPOSURES
POSTNATAL SUSCEPTIBILITIES
TESTING FOR DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY
SPECIFIC AGENTS
Metals
Halogenated and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvents
Glycols and Glycol Ethers
Phthalates
RESOURCES FOR EVALUATING DEVELOPMENTAL HEALTH RISKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
112: Ototoxicity
BACKGROUND
BASIC CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF THE AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND OTOTOXICITY
DRUG INDUCED OTOTOXICITY
INDUSTRIAL OTOTOXICITY-THE PROBLEM OF NOISE AND SOLVENT EXPOSURE
OTOPROTECTION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
113: Dermal and Ocular Toxicity
INTRODUCTION
DERMAL SENSITIZATION
OVERVIEW
MECHANISM OF SENSITIZATION
METHODS OF SENSITIVITY TESTING
Murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA)
OCCUPATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
DERMAL IRRITATION
OVERVIEW
DERMAL IRRITATION ASSAYS
In Vivo Tests
Draize Skin Irritation Test
In Vitro Assays
Reconstructed Human Epidermis
DERMAL CORROSION ASSAYS
In Vivo Assay
Draize Skin Corrosion Test
In Vitro Assays
DERMAL SENSITIZATION ASSAYS
In Vivo Assays
Guinea Pig Tests
Murine Local Lymph Node Assay
Nonvalidated Methods
REFERENCES
OCULAR IRRITATIVE INJURIES
OVERVIEW
MECHANISMS OF EYE IRRITATION
TESTING
Current Standard: Draize Eye Test
Alternative Testing Methods to Draize
Tier-Testing Strategy
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approach
Cell Function and Cytotoxicity-Based Assays
Fluorescein Leakage Test
Isolated Organ Method or Organotypic
Isolated Chicken Eye (ICE) or Isolated Rabbit Eye (IRE)
Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP)
Organotypic Models
Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM)
Cytosensor Microphysiometer (CM)
Reconstituted Human Tissue Models
EpiOcular™
(MatTek Corp.)
Human Corneal Epithelial (HCE™
) (SkinEthic Lab)
Other Alternative Methods
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
114: Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS)
BACKGROUND
EXPOSURES WHICH HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH RADS
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
115: Pulmonary Sensitization
BACKGROUND
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
116: "Street" and Prescription Drug Abuse
INTRODUCTION
AMPHETAMINES AND METHAMPHETAMINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
DRUG SCREENING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
DRUG SCREENING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
BENZODIAZEPINES
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
DRUG SCREENING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
COCAINE
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Pathology
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
DIAGNOSTIC METHODOLOGIES
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
GAMMA HYDROXYBUTYRATE (GHB)
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
DRUG SCREENING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
MARIJUANA AND SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
DRUG SCREENING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
OPIATES AND OPIOIDS
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Mechanism of Action
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
DRUG SCREENING
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
117: Mycotoxins
AFLATOXINS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
ACUTE EFFECTS
CHRONIC EFFECTS
METABOLISM
MECHANISM OF ACTION
BIOMONITORING
RISK ASSESSMENT
OCHRATOXINS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
ACUTE EFFECTS
CHRONIC EFFECTS
METABOLISM
MECHANISM OF ACTION
BIOMONITORING
RISK ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
118: Phosphine
BACKGROUND AND USES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOACCUMULATION
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Chemical Pathology
Mode of Action(s)
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
119: Diesel Exhaust
BACKGROUND
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
ECOTOXICOLOGY
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Noncarcinogenic Effects
Carcinogenicity
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
HYPOTHESIZED MODES OF ACTION
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Occupational
Environmental
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RISK ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
120: Spaceflight Operations
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS USED IN SPACE OPERATIONS
HYDRAZINES
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURES
NITROGEN TETROXIDE/NITROGEN DIOXIDE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
HEALTH EFFECTS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURES
HISTORICAL TOXIC HAZARD INCIDENTS IN GROUND OPERATIONS
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF TOXIC HAZARDS IN GROUND OPERATIONS
TOXIC HAZARD INCIDENTS DURING SPACEFLIGHT
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF TOXIC HAZARDS DURING SPACEFLIGHT
CONTINGENCY RESPONSE TO SPILLS OR SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE
RADIATION SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN PLANNING FOR AND SUPPORTING MAJOR RADIOLOGICAL SOURCE SPACE LAUNCHES
FUTURE SPACEFLIGHT TOXIC HAZARDS
REFERENCES
121: Regulatory Toxicology
BACKGROUND
TESTING STANDARDS
GLP Standards
Validated Testing Guidelines
Data Quality
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL REGULATIONS
TSCA
REACH
WORKER PROTECTION LAWS
US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
HAZARD COMMUNICATION
US Hazard Communication Standards (HCS)
EU HCS
REFERENCES
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