Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity

Preface ix

Foreword xi

Editor biographies xiii

Contributors xv

Abbreviations xix

SECTION 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Definition, prevalence and historical perspectives of obesity in adults 3

1.2 Definition, prevalence and historical perspectives of obesity in children 11

1.3 Development of overweight and obesity across the life course 18

1.4 Diagnostic criteria and assessment of obesity in adults 24

1.5 Diagnostic criteria and assessment of obesity in children 31

SECTION 2 Consequences and comorbidities associated with obesity 39

2.1 Obesity in the development of type 2 diabetes 41

2.2 Obesity in the development of cardiovascular disease 49

2.3 Obesity as a risk factor in the development of cancer 56

2.4 Obesity as a risk factor in osteoarthritis and pulmonary disease 64

2.5 Psychology and mental health issues in obesity 71

2.6 Binge eating and obesity 78

SECTION 3 Aetiology of obesity in adults 85

3.1 Genetics and epigenetics in the aetiology of obesity 87

3.2 Food intake and appetite in the aetiology of obesity 97

3.3 Physiological control of appetite and food intake 106

3.4 Obesogenic medication in the aetiology of obesity 113

3.5 Gut microbiome in obesity 118

3.6 Physical activity and physical inactivity in the aetiology of obesity 126

3.7 Obesogenic environment and obesogenic behaviours 132

SECTION 4 Weight management in adults 139

4.1 Macronutrient composition for weight loss in obesity 141

4.2 Meal replacements for weight loss in obesity 150

4.3 Formula diets for weight loss in obesity 157

4.4 Group?]based interventions for weight loss in obesity 164

4.5 Commercial weight management organisations for weight loss in obesity 169

4.6 Fad diets and fasting for weight loss in obesity 177

4.7 Pharmacological management of weight loss in obesity 183

4.8 Diet to support pharmacological management of weight loss 188

4.9 Surgical management of weight loss in obesity 193

4.10 Diet to support surgical management of weight loss 203

4.11 Physical activity for weight loss in obesity 212

4.12 Psychological interventions for weight loss in obesity 221

4.13 Weight loss interventions in specific groups: overweight and obese men 228

4.14 Weight loss interventions in specific groups: Adults with intellectual disabilities and obesity 235

4.15 Weight maintenance following weight loss in obesity 242

4.16 Economic cost of obesity and the cost?]effectiveness of weight management 252

SECTION 5 Aetiology of obesity in children 261

5.1 Genetics, epigenetics and obesity: focus on studies in children 263

5.2 Food intake, eating behaviour and obesity in children 271

5.3 Physical activity and inactivity in the aetiology of obesity in children 277

SECTION 6 Weight management in children 287

6.1 Diet in the management of weight loss in childhood obesity 289

6.2 Physical activity in the management of weight loss in childhood obesity 295

6.3 Psychological and behavioural interventions in childhood obesity 301

6.4 Residential programmes and weight loss camps in childhood obesity 309

6.5 Pharmacological management of weight loss in childhood obesity 315

6.6 Surgical management of weight loss in childhood obesity 320

SECTION 7 Public health and the prevention of obesity 329

7.1 National campaigns to modify eating behaviour in the prevention of obesity 331

7.2 Increasing physical activity to prevent childhood obesity 339

7.3 Designing public health initiatives for the prevention of obesity 349

Index 355