RULE 1
Spend Like You Want to Grow Rich

I wasn't rich as a 30-year-old. Yet if I wanted to, I could have leased a Porsche, borrowed loads of money for an expensive, flashy home, and taken five-star holidays around the world. I would have looked rich, but instead, I would have been living on an umbilical cord of bank loans and credit cards. Things aren't always what they appear to be.

In 2004, I was tutoring an American boy in Singapore. His mom dropped him off at my house every Saturday. She drove the latest Jaguar, which in Singapore would have cost well over $250,000 (cars in Singapore are very expensive). They lived in a huge house, and she wore an elegant Rolex watch. I thought they were rich.

After a series of tutoring sessions the woman gave me a check. Smiling, she gushed about her family's latest overseas holiday and expressed how happy she was that I was helping her son.

The check she wrote was for $150. Climbing on my bicycle after she left, I pedaled down the street and deposited the check in the bank.

But here's the thing: the check bounced-she didn't have enough money in her account. This could, of course, happen to anyone. With this family, however, it happened with as much regularity as a Kathmandu power outage. Dreading the phone calls where she would implore me to wait a week before cashing the latest check finally took its toll. I eventually told her that I wouldn't be able to tutor her son anymore.

Was this supposed to be happening? After all, this woman had to be rich. She drove a Jaguar. She lived in a massive house. She wore a Rolex. Her husband was an investment banker. He should have been doing the backstroke in the pools of money he made.

It dawned on me that she might not have been rich at all. Just because someone collects a large paycheck and lives like Persian royalty doesn't necessarily mean he or she is rich.

The Hippocratic Rule of Wealth

If we're interested in building wealth, we should all make a pledge to ourselves much like a doctor's Hippocratic oath: above all, DO NO HARM. We're living in an era of instant gratification. If we want to communicate with someone half a world away, we can do that immediately with a text message or a phone call. If we want to purchase something and have it delivered to our door, it's possible to do that with a smartphone and a credit-card number-even if we don't have the money to pay for it.

Just like that seemingly wealthy American family in Singapore, it's easy to sabotage our future by blowing money we don't even have. The story of living beyond one's means can be heard around the world.

To stay out of harm's way financially, we need to build assets, not debts. One of the surest ways to build wealth over a lifetime is to spend far less than you make and intelligently invest the difference. But too many people hurt their financial health by failing to differentiate between their "wants" and their "needs."

Many of us know people who landed great jobs right out of college and started down a path of hyperconsumption. It usually began innocently. Perhaps, with their handy credit cards they bought a new dining room table. But then their plates and cutlery didn't match so they felt the pull to upgrade.

Then there's the couch, which now doesn't jibe with the fine dining room table. Thank God for Visa-time for a sofa upgrade. It doesn't take long, however, before our friends notice that the carpet doesn't match the new couch, so they scour advertisements for a deal on a Persian beauty. Next, they're dreaming about a new entertainment system, then a home renovation, followed by the well-deserved trip to Hawaii.

Rather than living the American Dream, they're stuck in a mythological Greek nightmare. Zeus punished Sisyphus by forcing him to continually roll a boulder up a mountain. It then rolled back down every time it neared the summit. Many consumers face the same relentless treadmill with their consumption habits. When they get close to paying off their debts, they reward themselves by adding weight to their Sisyphean stone. It knocks them back to the base of their own daunting mountain.

Buying something after saving for it (instead of buying it with a credit card) is so 1950s-at least, that's how many consumers see it. As a result, the twenty-first century has brought mountains of personal debt that often gets pushed under the rug.

Before we learn to invest to build wealth, we have to learn how to save. If we want to grow rich on a middle-class salary, we can't be average. We have to sidestep the consumption habits to which so many others have fallen victim.

The US Federal Reserve compiles annual credit card debt levels. Cardhub.com publishes those results. In 2015, the average US household owed $7,879 in outstanding credit card debt.1 In 2015, MarketWatch news editor Quentin Fottrell reported that 15.4 percent of US homeowners have mortgage debt that is higher than their homes are actually worth.2 That's surprising, considering that the United States may be the fourth cheapest place to buy a home in the world.

Numbeo.com compares global home costs relative to income. In 2016, it compared 102 countries. US homes were among the four cheapest. Only those in South Africa, Oman, and Saudi Arabia cost less, relative to income.3

Now here's where things get interesting. You might assume it's mostly low-salaried workers who overextend themselves. But that isn't true.

The late US author and wealth researcher, Thomas Stanley, had been surveying America's affluent since 1973. He found that most US homes valued at a million dollars or more (as of 2009) were not owned by millionaires. Instead, the majority of million-dollar homes were owned by nonmillionaires with large mortgages and very expensive tastes.4 In sharp contrast, 90 percent of millionaires lived in homes valued at less than a million dollars.5

If there were such a thing as a financial Hippocratic oath, self-induced malpractice would be rampant. It's fine to spend extravagantly if you're truly wealthy. But regardless of how high people's salaries are, if they can't live well without their job, then they aren't truly rich.

How Would I Define Wealth?

It's important to make the distinction between real wealth and a wealthy pretense so that you don't get sucked into a lifestyle led by the wealthy pretenders of the world. Wealth itself is always relative. But for people to be considered wealthy, they should meet the following two criteria:

1. They should have enough money to never have to work again, if that's their choice.
2. They should have investments, a pension, or a trust fund that can provide them with twice the level of their country's median household income over a lifetime.

According to the US Census Bureau, the median US household income in 2014 was $53,657.6 Based on my definition of wealth, if an American's investments can annually generate twice that amount ($107,314 or more), then that person is rich.

Earning double the median household in your home country-without having to work-is a dream worth attaining.

How Do Investments Generate Enough Cash?

Because this book will focus on building investments using the stock and bond markets, let's use a relative example. If John builds an investment portfolio of $2.5 million, then he could feasibly sell 4 percent of that portfolio each year, equating to roughly $100,000 annually, and never run out of money. (See, "Retiring Early Using The 4 Percent Rule.") If his investments are able to continue growing by 6 to 7 percent a year, he could likely afford, over time, to sell slightly more of his investment portfolio each year to cover the rising costs of living.

Retiring Early Using The 4 Percent Rule

Billy and Akaisha Kaderli retired when they were just 38 years old. They have been retired for more than 25 years. They live off their investments. In fact, they have pulled more money out of their investment portfolio than their portfolio was worth when they first retired.

Does that mean they're almost broke? Not even close. Compound interest worked its magic. When they retired in 1991, they had $500,000. Today, they have a lot more money. How did they do it? They live frugally, in low-cost locations. They also followed the 4 percent rule.

In 2010, Philip L. Cooley, Carl M. Hubbard and Daniel T. Walz published a research paper in the Journal of Financial Planning.7 They back-tested a variety of portfolio allocations between January 1926 and December 2009. They found that if investors withdrew an inflation-adjusted 4 percent per year, their money stood an excellent chance of lasting more than 30 years.

I wanted to see how it would have worked for Billy and Akaisha. They own an S&P 500 index. That means they invest the way that I describe in this book. They withdraw less than 4 percent from their investments in a year. But let's see what would have happened if they had taken out exactly 4 percent annually.

Over the past 25 years, their money...