The Horse Book of Lists

Chapter One

The Horse in History

The hoofprints of the horse are often found alongside the footsteps of humankind. Whether the horse served as a battlefield mount; a workmate in plowing, hunting, and herding; or a recreational diversion, the horse helped make history.

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Fantastic Archaeological Sites Related to Horses

1. Kurgans: Altay Mountains, Siberia

Excavations of kurgans (the Russian word for a burial mound) have uncovered artifacts dating to the fifth-century-BC culture of the Scythians, a nomadic society so dependent on horses that the legendary ancient Greek poet Homer referred to them as "the mare milkers." Female Scythians were as accomplished on horseback as their male counterparts were, leading some historians to theorize that they inspired the legend of the warrior-women Amazons. In fact, a kurgan housing the mummified remains of a woman revealed that she was buried in her riding clothes, alongside several sacrificed horses.

2. Lascaux: Dordogne Valley, France

Lascaux is the site of a world-renowned cave complex that contains the artwork of Paleolithic humans. Dating to approximately 15,000 BC, some 900 animal figures on the cave walls were beautifully created using charcoal and powdered minerals in hues of black, red, and yellow. The most prominent beast depicted is the horse. Over 600 equines gallop across the rough-hewn limestone walls in a prehistoric homage to the horse.

3. St. Mary Reservoir: Alberta, Canada

An archaeological dig at this drained basin unearthed spearheads approximately 11,000 years old that contained residue determined to be horse protein. That, plus skeletal remains of extinct prehistoric horses, is seen as evidence that early humans and many animal species existed there and that zealous over-hunting, and not climate change alone, led to the demise of the early horse in North America. Not until the arrival of Spanish explorers in the 1500s were horses reintroduced to the continent.

4. White Horse Hill: Wiltshire County, England

The famed "white horses" of England are a collection of giant stylized depictions of horses carved into the hillsides by early civilizations. The oldest white horse can be found on an escarpment of the Berkshire Downs near the town of Uffington; hence, it is known as the Uffington Horse. Modern soil-testing methods date the creation of the Uffington Horse to 1200-800 BC. It was no easy feat for the artists. Like other chalk horses, the Uffington Horse was wrought by first digging a trench into the ground and then filling it with native chalk. With a length of 365 feet, the figure can be viewed from twenty miles away. It remains a mystery whether the white horses served as a totem marking the territory of a particular tribe or as a religious symbol.

The Uffington Horse, White Horse Hill

5. Zibo: Shandong Province, China

Numerous burial sites of revered rulers from China's feudal past contain the remains of sacrificed horses, as the ancient Chinese believed that war horses would be needed in the afterlife. But most telling, perhaps, is the discovery of the tomb built for himself by Duke Jing, fifty-eighth in a long line of rulers in the state of Qi, a powerful stronghold from 770-476 BC. So passionate was his devotion to his horses that when one of them died, Jing not only buried the horse reverently but also sacrificed the horse's personal handler or groom, presumably so the horse would be handled by a familiar caretaker throughout eternity.

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Breeds with Ties to History

1. Akhal-Teke: The roots of this lithe, athletic breed date back to 2400 BC in Central Asia, where it became highly prized by nomadic tribesmen known as the Tekes. Although primarily used as a racehorse in its native Turkmenistan, the Akhal-Teke is also known throughout the world for its inherent abilities in dressage and jumping.

2. Arabian: Although it's not possible to pinpoint the origin of the world's oldest purebred riding horse, the Bedouins who came to inhabit the Arabian Peninsula in 2500 BC brought with them the early predecessors of the modern Arabian: a hot-blooded, noble, refined horse known for its beauty and stamina.

An Akhal-Teke stallion

3. Caspian: These small horses with dainty features are prominently displayed on the official seal of King Darius of Persia (500 BC). These are the storied miniature horses of Persia, and the Caspian horse is considered its direct descendant. Extremely rare today, the Caspian was rediscovered in hilly terrain surrounding the Caspian Sea in 1965.

4. Destrier: This is the so-called Great Horse that knights rode into battle during the Middle Ages. Although no longer in existence-it was replaced by a lighter horse more suited to a streamlined cavalry-it is thought to be the ancestor of modern draft horses.

5. Einsiedler: Today this breed has been incorporated into the ranks of the Swiss warmblood, but its origin can be traced to the tenth century and the Benedictine monastery at Einsiedeln, Switzerland. Although a consummate cavalry mount, thanks to its athletic ability and its trainability, it is used today as a sport horse.

Where Did All the Horses Go?

According to evolutionary theory, the family tree of the modern horse resembles a shrub with many branches. There is no straight line from a single predecessor to today's version of the horse. However, fossil studies point to a dog-size creature known as Hyracotherium-also frequently referred to as Eohippus, or "dawn horse"-as the earliest ancestor. Hyracotherium stood only about eight inches tall and about twenty inches long and roamed the Northern Hemisphere about 45 million years ago. By crossing the land bridge between North America and Siberia, the early horse was able to migrate to Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Once that pathway was submerged by ocean waters at the end of the Ice Age, the horses that were left in North America met their demise through climate change and the voracious appetite of early man.

6. Exmoor pony: It is widely believed that the Exmoor pony is descended from the horses that crossed the prehistoric land bridge from North America to Asia and migrated to Europe. The ancient Celts used Exmoor ponies to pull their chariots, and the Domesday Book of 1086 (a survey of England conducted for William the Conqueror) mentions the native ponies. Because of its harsh environment in southwestern Britain, the Exmoor pony was rarely exposed to other breeds, so its ancestral color and conformation have not changed. It is always solid bay or brown and features sturdy bones and a doubly thick coat in winter.

7. Kiger mustang: Differentiated from more common American mustangs, the Kiger mustangs were discovered in 1977 near Kiger Gorge, a remote area of Oregon, during a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) roundup. The herd was predominantly dun-colored and uniform in conformation, evidence that the secluded environment had afforded only limited crossbreeding with other feral horses. DNA testing confirmed that the herd was descended from Spanish horses left behind during the conquest of the New World.

8. Morgan: A true American breed, the foundation sire foaled in 1789 was named Figure and was owned by Justin Morgan, a Vermont schoolteacher. The small yet hardy bay stallion proved incredibly potent, passing on his strength, stamina, and beauty to countless offspring and establishing a new breed of horse for a new country.

9. Przewalski: Also known as the Asiatic or Mongolian wild horse, this stout little horse closely resembles a donkey or zebra but with a brown coat and tan muzzle. Though named for a Russian explorer who encountered herds in 1881, the scruffy equine was actually "discovered" by westerners, perhaps as far back as the fifteenth century. The Przewalski is considered the only true wild horse remaining in the world.

10. Tarpan: A prehistoric breed of horse whose images are found in cave drawings, the Tarpan was first domesticated by the Scythians circa 3000 BC. Unfortunately, as the harsh steppes of Ukraine were settled, farmers saw the herds of native wild horses as a threat to their crops, so the Tarpan was hunted and disposed of. A small horse that was dun or grullo in color, the last of the Tarpans died in 1876 on a Polish game preserve.

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Dates: A Timeline of the Draft Horse in America

1800: Oxen are the preferred beasts of burden on American farms. Not only are they cheaper than horses, but also they can become a meal when their working days are over.

1830: About this time, European draft horses are imported to America. They work at a faster pace than oxen. Their loftier gait and brawny strength are needed to plow and till the heavy soils of the prairie.

Draft horses at work

1849: The discovery of gold in California means that draft horses and draft crosses are brought west to haul ore wagons, They also move timber from the forest to be used in smelting furnaces.

Heavy-Duty Horses

The term draft horse describes a variety of breeds specifically bred for the ability to pull heavy loads as well as farming implements. Each breed boasts a colorful history....