Large Rivers

Name: Large Rivers | Geomorphology and Management
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Geomorphology and Management

Avijit Gupta(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 22. März 2022

1040 Seiten

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978-1-119-41264-9 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Large Rivers and People
1.2 What Is a Large River?
1.3 The Book and its Content
References
Chapter 2 Geology of Large River Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tectonic Settings of Large River Systems
2.2.1 Rivers in Continental Collision Belts
2.2.2 Rivers in Rift Settings
2.2.3 Rivers in Cratonic Settings
2.3 Complexity of Drainage Types and Channel Morphology
2.3.1 Controls of Regional Tectonic Setting
2.3.2 Source Area Characteristics and Diversity of Channel Patterns
2.3.3 Response to Active Tectonics and Basin Filling
2.3.4 Longitudinal Form and Stream Power
2.4 Large Rivers - Climatic Settings and Climatic Variability
2.5 Modern Large Rivers - Hydrology and Sediment Dispersal
2.5.1 Spatial Variability in Hydrology and Sediment Flux
2.5.2 Climatic and Geologic Controls of Sediment Yield
2.6 Landforms and Alluvial Architecture of Large River Systems
2.6.1 Longitudinal Trunk Systems
2.6.2 Radial Fans
2.6.3 Fan-Interfan Setting
2.6.4 Interfluves
2.7 Growth and Development of Large River Systems
2.8 Duration of Large River Systems and the Rock Record
2.9 Sea Level, Tectonic, and Climatic Controls on the Large River Systems
2.10 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Hydrology and Discharge
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Role of Floodplains and Lakes in Discharge Attenuation in Large Rivers
3.1.2 Historical Alterations of the Hydrology and Discharge of Large Rivers
3.2 Large Rivers of the Equatorial Regions
3.2.1 The Amazon River
3.2.2 The Congo River
3.2.3 The Zambezi River
3.3 Large Rivers of the Drylands
3.3.1 The Nile River
3.3.2 The Indus River
3.3.3 The Colorado River
3.3.4 The Murray-Darling River
3.4 Rivers of the Mid-Latitudes
3.4.1 Mississippi River
3.4.2 The Danube River
3.5 Rivers Draining South from the Himalaya
3.5.1 Ganga River
3.5.2 The Brahmaputra River
3.6 Rivers of East and Southeast Asia
3.6.1 Huanghe
3.6.2 The Changjiang
3.6.3 The Mekong
3.7 High-Latitude Rivers
3.7.1 Ob, Yenisei, and Lena Rivers
3.7.2 Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers
3.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4 Transcontinental Moving and Storage: The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers Transfer the Andes to the Atlantic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Andean Sources and Alluvial Storage
4.3 Orinoco
4.4 Amazon
4.4.1 Setting
4.4.2 Storage and Remobilization of Floodplain Sediment
4.4.3 Sediment Storage in the Lowermost Amazon Valley
4.5 The Amazon Goes to Sea
4.6 Coda
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 Megafloods and Large Rivers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical Background
5.3 Terrestrial Glacial Megafloods
5.3.1 Cordilleran Ice Sheet
5.3.2 Laurentide Ice Sheet
5.3.3 Eurasia Ice Sheets and Adjacent Seas
5.3.4 Central Asian Mountains
5.4 Extraterrestrial Megafloods and Megarivers
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Classification, Architecture, and Evolution of Large River Deltas
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definition of a Delta and Delta Components
6.3 Classification of Deltas
6.4 Morphology and Sediment
6.4.1 Morphology
6.4.2 Sediments and Sediment Facies
6.4.3 Sediment Accumulation Rates
6.5 Delta Evolution
6.5.1 Response to Holocene Sea-Level Change
6.5.2 Changes in the Course of a River Channel and of Its Distributaries
6.5.3 Coastal Environment Change Related to Delta Progradation
6.6 Problems of Sediment Supply
6.6.1 Estimation of Past Sediment Discharge
6.6.2 Sediment Budgets in Deltas and Sediment Supply to the Oceans
6.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Large River Deposits: Recognition and Preservation Potential in the Rock Record
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Geomorphology of Modern Big Rivers
7.3 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Modern Big Rivers
7.4 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Ancient Big Rivers
7.5 Discussion: Preservation Potential of Big River Deposits
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Effects of Tectonism and Sea-Level Change on the Form and Behaviour of the Modern Amazon River and Its Floodplain
8.1 Background
8.2 Amazon Basin Characteristics
8.3 Tectonic Influences on the Modern Amazon
8.3.1 First-order Basin-Scale Influences
8.3.2 Second-order Transverse Structures
8.3.3 Fracture Patterns
8.4 Structural Influences on Amazon River Geomorphology
8.5 Influences of Sea-Level Changes on the Amazon River and Floodplain
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9 The Mississippi River System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cenozoic Drainage Evolution
9.3 Influence of Quaternary Glaciations
9.4 Proglacial Lakes and Extreme Floods
9.5 Response of the Lower Mississippi Valley to Upper Valley Glaciation and Flooding
9.6 The Mississippi River System During the Holocene
9.6.1 Climate and Vegetation Changes
9.6.2 Holocene Alluvial Episodes
9.6.3 Holocene Flood Episodes in the Upper Mississippi Valley
9.6.4 Lower Valley Alluvial Responses to Upper Valley Holocene Environmental Change
9.7 Morphology of the Mississippi River
9.7.1 Upper Mississippi River
9.7.2 Lower Mississippi River
9.8 Modern Hydrology
9.8.1 Climate, Runoff, and Floods
9.8.2 Dams: Flow Modification and Sediment Storage
9.9 The Mississippi River System: Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 The Colorado River
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physiography
10.3 Gradient, Valley Width, and Channel Form in the Colorado Plateau
10.4 Hydrology
10.5 The Colorado River in the Millennium Drought
10.5.1 The Upper Basin
10.5.1.1 The Upper Colorado River
10.5.1.2 The Green River
10.5.1.3 The San Juan River
10.5.2 Lower Basin
10.5.2.1 The Grand Canyon Segment
10.5.2.2 The Lower River
10.5.2.3 The Delta
10.6 Hydrology: Past and Future
10.6.1 Early Efforts to Estimate the Annual Flow of the Colorado River
10.6.2 Tree-ring Estimates of Hydrology
10.6.3 Paleoflood Hydrology
10.6.4 Colorado River Hydrology in the Future
10.7 Pre-dam and Post-dam Sediment Yield and Sediment Transport
10.8 Channel Adjustment and Ecological Change During the Twentieth Century
10.8.1 The Delta and Its Transformation
10.8.2 The Imperial Valley and Salton Sea
10.8.3 The Lower River
10.8.4 The River System Within the Colorado Plateau
10.8.4.1 Channel Adjustment in Segments Where Transport Capacity Exceeds Supply
10.8.4.2 Channel Adjustment in Segments Where Capacity is Less Than Supply
10.9 Modern Fish Community
10.10 Environmental Management of the Modern River
10.10.1 The Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program
10.10.1.1 The 1996 Controlled Flood
10.10.2 Opportunities for Recovery of the Delta Ecosystem
10.11 The Future
10.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 The Lena: A Large River in a Deep Permafrost Zone
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Description of the Lena Drainage Basin
11.3 A Periglacial Environment
11.4 Floodplain, Delta, and Periglacial Land Forms
11.4.1 Fluvial Dynamics and Landforms
11.4.1.1 Hydrologic Functioning of a Periglacial River
11.4.2 Fluvial Forms of the Middle and Lower Lena River
11.4.3 Thermal Erosion and Its Impact on the Fluvial Forms
11.5 Impact of Climatic Change on the Hydrosystem
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 The Danube: Morphology, Evolution, and Environmental Issues
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Water and Sediment
12.3 Headwaters of the Danube
12.4 Hydromorphology of the Danube Sections
12.4.1 The Upper Danube in Germany and Austria
12.4.2 The Middle Danube (Slovakia, Hungary, and Serbia)
12.4.3 The Lower Danube (Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine)
12.5 The Danube Delta
12.5.1 Delta Habitats and Environmental Problems
12.6 The Evolution of the Valley of the Danube
12.6.1 The Upper Section
12.6.2 The Middle Section
12.6.3 The Lower Section
12.6.4 The Delta
12.7 Human Impacts
12.7.1 A Brief History of Channelization
12.7.2 The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal
12.7.3 An Example of Damming the Danube: the Gabcíkovo Barrage in Slovakia
12.7.4 The Rise in Water Temperature
12.7.5 Pollution
12.7.6 How Much is the Danube Worth?
References
Chapter 13 The Yukon and the Mackenzie: Large Arctic Rivers of North America
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Large Arctic Rivers of North America
13.2.1 Geography
13.2.2 Unique Characteristics of Arctic and Subarctic Rivers Relative to Large Rivers in Other Climates
13.3 The Yukon and the Mackenzie: A Study in Contrasts
13.3.1 Physical Characteristics
13.3.1.1 The Mackenzie
13.3.1.2 The Yukon
13.3.2 Similarities and Differences Between the Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers
13.4 The Future of Large Arctic Rivers in North America
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 The River Nile: Evolution and Environment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nile Basin River Environments
14.3 Early Origins and the Neogene Nile
14.3.1 The Late Miocene Nile Canyon in Egypt
14.3.2 The Integrated Nile
14.4 The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Nile
14.4.1 24?000-14?500 years ago (24 to 14.5 ka)
14.4.2 14?500-6000?years ago (14.5 to 6 ka)
14.4.3 6000?years ago (6 ka) to present
14.5 Records of Nile River Behaviour in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
14.6 The Modern Nile: Hydrology and Geomorphology
14.6.1 The White Nile Basin
14.6.2 The Blue Nile and Atbara Basins
14.6.3 The Confluence Zone and the Desert Nile
14.7 The Suspended Sediment Budget
14.7.1 Reservoir Sedimentation and Sediment Dynamics Downstream of Aswan
14.8 The Nile Delta and The Eastern Mediterranean
14.8.1 The Delta and Coastal Zone
14.8.2 Sediment Supply to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
14.9 River Basin Management and Global Change
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 The Congo River, Central Africa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Course of the Congo River
15.3 Geology and Geomorphology of the Congo Basin
15.3.1 The Central Congo Basin
15.3.2 The Asande Rise
15.3.3 The Atlantic Rise
15.3.4 The Angolan and Shaba Highlands
15.3.5 The Western Rift Rise
15.4 Evolution of the Congo River
15.5 The Flow Regime of the Congo
15.6 Solid, Suspended, and Dissolved Load
15.7 The Congo Mouth and the Submarine Canyon
15.8 The Congo River and Its Economic Importance
15.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16 The Zambezi: Origins and Legacies of Earth's Oldest River System
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Zambezi River System
16.3 Hydrology
16.4 Ecological Impact of Major Dams
16.5 Evolution of the Zambezi River System
16.6 Drainage Evolution and Speciation
16.7 Cultural and Economic Aspects
16.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 17 The Geographic, Geological, and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River - An Update
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Drainage Basin
17.2.1 Geology
17.2.2 Hydrology
17.3 Evolution of the Indus River
17.4 Indus Water and Sediment Discharge
17.4.1 The Floods
17.5 The Indus Delta
17.6 Submarine Indus System
17.7 Water Management
17.8 The Indus Dolphins
17.9 Environmental Changes
17.9.1 Human-Induced Changes in the Indus Delta
17.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 The Ganga River
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Hydrology
18.3 Water Quality
18.4 Material Transfer in the Ganga
18.4.1 Dissolved Load
18.4.2 Suspended Load and Bed Load
18.5 Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sediments
18.6 Heavy Metals and Pollutants in the Sediment
18.7 The Plain and the River
18.8 The Delta
18.9 A Summary of Current Geomorphic Processes
18.10 Quaternary Evolution of the Ganga
18.11 Utilization of the River and Associated Problems
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 19 Erosion and Weathering in the Brahmaputra River System
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Brahmaputra River System
19.3 Geology of the Basin
19.4 Hydrology
19.5 Floods in the Brahmaputra
19.6 Characteristics of the Brahmaputra Channel
19.7 Erosion and Weathering
19.8 Sediment Yield or Erosion Rates in the Various Zones
19.9 Chemical Weathering and Erosion
19.9.1 Water Chemistry
19.9.2 Silicate Weathering
19.10 Bed Load and Weathering Intensity
19.11 Control of Physical and Chemical Erosion in the Brahmaputra Basin
19.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 The Jamuna-Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh
20.1 Background
20.1.1 The River
20.1.2 Basinal Setting and Controls on Sedimentation
20.1.3 Hydrology, Sediment Yield, and Channel Size
20.2 Channel Scale Morphology and Recent Historical Changes in the Course of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River
20.3 Bedform Types and Dynamics
20.3.1 Small-Scale Bedforms (Ripples, Dunes, and Upper-Stage Plane Beds)
20.3.2 Large-Scale Bedforms (Bars and Bar Complexes)
20.4 Bifurcations, Offtakes, and Confluences
20.5 Floodplain Sedimentation
20.6 Sedimentology of the Jamuna River
20.7 Applied Geomorphology and Engineering in the Jamuna River
20.8 Summary: What Does the Future Hold?
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21 The Ayeyarwady River
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Ayeyarwady Drainage Basin
21.2.1 Geology
21.2.2 Setting of the Ayeyarwady River
21.2.3 Hydrology of the Ayeyarwady
21.2.4 Sediment Load of the Ayeyarwady River
21.2.5 Ecology of Ayeyarwady Basin and Human Impacts
21.3 History of the Ayeyarwady
21.3.1 Geological Evolution of the Ayeyarwady Drainage
21.3.2 Recent Evolution of the Delta
21.4 Looking Ahead
References
Chapter 22 The Mekong River: Morphology, Evolution, and Management
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Mekong Basin: Physical Characteristics
22.2.1 Geology
22.2.2 Relief
22.2.3 Hydrology
22.2.4 Land Use
22.3 The River
22.4 The Mekong Over Time: The Geomorphic History
22.5 Erosion and Sediment Transfer
22.6 The Mekong and Its Basin: Resource and Management
22.6.1 Impoundments on the Mekong
22.6.2 Anthropogenic Modification of Erosion and Sedimentation on Slopes
22.6.3 Degradation of the Aquatic Life
22.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 23 Dynamic Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Yangtze River
23.1 Basin Geology and Landforms
23.2 River Morphology
23.3 Storage and Transfer of Water and Sediment
23.3.1 Discharge and Flood Patterns
23.3.2 Sediment Flux in the Yangtze: A Decreasing Trend Over the Last 50 years
23.3.3 Three Gorges Area: A New Sediment Provenance and a Depleted Valley
23.3.4 Middle Yangtze: Sediment Sources and Sinks
23.3.5 Post-Dam: Changing Sediment Source to Sink
23.3.6 The Lower Yangtze: Transfer of Sediment
23.3.7 The Yangtze Estuary: A Major Sediment Sink
23.4 Large-Scale River Management - Three Gorges Damand the Planned Water Transfer
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 24 The Nile River: Geology, Hydrology, Hydraulic Society
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Physiography
24.2.1 The Lake District
24.2.2 The Lowlands of Southern Sudan
24.2.3 The Ethiopian Tableland
24.2.4 The Cataract Reach
24.2.5 The Alluvial Nile
24.3 Geologic History
24.3.1 White Nile: Uganda, Kenya, Sudan
24.3.2 Egypt
24.3.3 The Blue Nile and the Atbara: Ethiopia
24.4 Climate and Climate Change
24.4.1 Introduction
24.4.2 The Region
24.5 Hydrology
24.5.1 Introduction
24.5.2 The White Nile
24.5.3 The Blue Nile
24.5.4 The Nile Below Khartoum
24.5.5 The Nile Flows in Egypt
24.6 A Unique Record
24.7 The Nile and Hydraulic Civilizations
24.8 A Recent History of Nile Water Management
24.8.1 International Treaties
24.8.2 Egypt, a Regional Hegemon
24.8.3 Challenges to the Existing Allocation
24.8.4 Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 25 Patterns and Controls on Historical Channel Change in the Willamette River, Oregon USA
25.1 Introduction
25.2 An Approach for Interpreting Multiple Impacts on Large Rivers
25.3 Geologic Setting, Human, and Flood History of the Willamette
25.3.1 Watershed Physiography and Climate
25.3.2 Geological Setting of the Willamette in Relation to Channel Stability
25.3.3 Study Length Delineation
25.3.4 Timeline and Consequences of Euro-American Interaction with Willamette River
25.3.4.1 Early Settlement 1850-1895
25.3.4.2 Agricultural Development 1895-1932
25.3.4.3 Urbanization, Development, and Dam Construction 1932-1972
25.3.4.4 Post-Development and Continued Change 1972-1995
25.3.5 Flood History of the Willamette River
25.4 Data and Methods for Measuring Historical Channel Change
25.4.1 Historical Channel Maps
25.4.2 Measuring Rates and Styles of Channel Change
25.4.3 Development of a 2D Flood Model for Willamette River
25.5 Results: Patterns and Controls on Historical Channel Changes
25.5.1 McKenzie Reach, 1850-1995
25.5.2 Long Tom Reach, 1850-1995
25.5.3 Santiam Reach 1850 to 1995
25.5.4 Summary of Willamette River Channel Change 1850-1995
25.5.5 Flood Model Results
25.6 Discussion, Narrative of Historical Channel Change
25.6.1 Interpreting Historical Channel Change, 1850-1995
25.6.2 Application of Findings to Current Willamette Restoration Practices
25.6.3 Extending Lessons Learned on the Willamette to Other Large Rivers
25.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 26 Rivers and Humans - Unintended Consequences
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Armour
26.2.1 Missouri River
26.2.2 River Nile
26.2.3 Mississippi River
26.3 Hydrology
26.3.1 Platte River
26.3.2 Niobrara River
26.3.3 Middle Mississippi River
26.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27 Large Rivers from Space
27.1 Introduction and Update
27.2 Basin Characteristics
27.3 Valley Configuration
27.4 Geomorphology
27.5 Water-surface Elevation, Gradient, and Discharge
27.6 Water Extent and Inundation Mapping
27.7 Mapping Sediment Concentration
27.8 Zambezi River - Water Type Mapping on Floodplains
27.9 Thermal Properties
27.10 Change Detection
27.10.1 Mesopotamian Marshlands
References
Chapter 28 Channel Geometry Analysis Technique for the Lower Mississippi River
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Context
28.2.1 Lower Mississippi River Channel Geometry
28.3 Data Acquisition and Pre-processing
28.3.1 Pilot Study Reach
28.3.2 Low Water Reference Plane
28.3.3 Separation of Bends and Crossings
28.3.4 Divided Channels
28.3.5 Pre-Processing Procedure for Hydrographic Survey Files
28.3.6 Data Projection
28.3.7 Cross-Section Screening
28.4 Analytical Approach and Methodology
28.4.1 Channel Geometry Analysis
28.4.2 Probability Analysis
28.4.3 Spatial Analysis
28.4.4 Temporal Analysis
28.5 Results
28.5.1 At-a-Station Channel Geometry
28.5.1.1 Archived results
28.5.1.2 Results for at-a-station Channel Geometry
28.5.2 Spatial Variability and Adjustments
28.5.3 Temporal Variability and Adjustments
28.6 Interpretation and Commentary
28.6.1 Channel Geometry Analysis
28.6.1.1 Width
28.6.1.2 Average Depth
28.6.1.3 Maximum Depth
28.6.1.4 Wetted Perimeter and Hydraulic Radius
28.6.1.5 Cross-sectional Area
28.6.2 Spatial Analysis
28.6.3 Temporal Analysis
28.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 29 The Management of Large Rivers: Technical and Political Challenges
29.1 Introduction
29.2 The Challenges of River Management
29.2.1 Technical Challenges
29.2.1.1 The Significance of the Catchment
29.2.1.2 The Ecological Significance of the Hydrological Regime
29.2.1.3 Significance of the Floodplain
29.2.1.4 Integrated Water Resource Management
29.2.2 Political Challenges
29.2.2.1 Developing the Vision for the River
29.2.2.2 Value Judgements in Environmental Decisions
29.2.2.3 International Politics in Large River Basins
29.2.2.4 Effectiveness of Large River Basin Organizations (RBOs)
29.3 Management of Rivers in Developing Countries
29.3.1 Capacity
29.3.2 Need for Rapid Development
29.3.3 Lack of Inclusivity in Governance
29.3.4 Subsistence Use
29.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 30 The Physical Diversity and Assessment of a Large River System: The Murray-Darling Basin, Australia
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The Murray-Darling Basin
30.2.1 General Context
30.2.2 Setting and Evolution
30.2.3 Hydroclimatic Variability
30.3 The Character of Rivers within the Murray-Darling Basin
30.4 Assessment of the Physical Condition of Rivers in the Murray-Darling Basin
30.4.1 The Approach
30.4.2 The Physical Condition of Rivers in the Murray-Darling Basin
30.4.3 Physical Condition of Functional Process Zones
30.4.3.1 Catchment Disturbance Index
30.4.3.2 Habitat Index
30.4.3.3 Hydrological Disturbance Index
30.4.3.4 Suspended Sediment and Nutrient Load Index
30.4.3.5 Environment Index
30.4.4 The Geography of Disturbances in the Murray-Darling Basin
30.5 Resilience and Large Rivers as Social-Ecological Systems - Future Directions
30.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 31 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water and Sediment Discharges of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) from 1950 to 2018: Erosion of Lake, Channel, and Delta
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Physical Setting
31.3 Data and Methods of Study
31.4 Spatial Variations of Water and Sediment
31.5 Temporal Variations of Water and Sediment
31.5.1 Annual Variations
31.5.1.1 Water (Precipitation and Runoff)
31.5.1.2 Sediment
31.5.2 Monthly Variations
31.6 Discussion
31.6.1 Climatic Impacts on Water and Sediment Discharges
31.6.2 Anthropogenic Impacts on Water and Sediment Discharge
31.6.2.1 Dam Construction
31.6.2.2 Water Consumption
31.6.2.3 Lake Reclamation
31.6.2.4 Water-Soil Conservation
31.7 Channel and Coastal Responses to Declining Sediment Discharge
31.8 Future Water and Sediment Discharges
31.8.1 Water Discharge
31.8.2 Sediment Discharge
31.9 Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts on Other Global Rivers - the Mississippi Example
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 32 Large River Systems and Climate Change
32.1 Introduction
32.2 A Brief History of Ideas
32.3 Fluvial Response to Climate Change: Some General Concepts
32.3.1 Continental Interiors: Uplift, Subsidence, and Climate Change
32.3.2 Continental Margins: Importance of Relative Sea-Level Change
32.4 Fluvial Response to Past Climate Change: Contrasting Examples
32.4.1 The Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Western USA
32.4.2 The Ganga-Brahmaputra System, India and Bangladesh
32.4.3 The Lower Mississippi River, Southcentral USA
32.5 Epilog: Large Rivers and Climate Change, Past to Future
References
Index
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