Biogeography

Name: Biogeography | An Integrative Approach of the Evolution of Living
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An Integrative Approach of the Evolution of Living

Eric Guilbert(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 23. November 2021

368 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Half-Title Page
Title page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. Origins of Biogeography: A Personal Perspective
1.1. Introduction: a history of scientific practice
1.1.1. What is biogeography?
1.2. A history of phytoand zoogeographical classification
1.2.1. Terminology
1.2.2. How classification works
1.2.3. Botanical geography versus the geography of plants
1.2.4. Zoogeography: a search for natural regions
1.3. Ecology versus taxonomy: populations not species
1.4. Conclusion
1.5. References
2. Analytical Approaches in Biogeography: Advances and Challenges
2.1. Introduction
2.2. From narrative dispersal accounts to event-based methods (EBM)
2.2.1. Parsimony-based tree fitting
2.2.2. Dispersal-vicariance analysis
2.3. From parsimony-based to semiparametric approaches
2.4. A new revolution: parametric approaches in biogeography
2.4.1. Ancestral range versus single state models: DEC and BIB
2.4.2. Extending the DEC and BIB models
2.5. Expanding parametric models
2.5.1. Time-heterogeneous models
2.5.2. Diversification-dependent models
2.5.3. Ecology-integrative models
2.6. Population-level and individual-based models
2.7. References
3. Phylogeography
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The early days of phylogeography: cytoplasmic genomes and qualitative post hoc explanations of historical processes
3.3. Statistical phylogeography
3.4. Comparative phylogeography
3.5. Integrative studies
3.5.1. Integration of ecological niche modeling in phylogeographic studies
3.5.2. Integration of life-history traits in phylogeographic studies
3.6. Conclusion
3.7. References
4. Geophysical Biogeography
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Geophysical biogeography at large
4.2.1. Present day
4.2.2. The dynamic Earth: continental drift
4.2.3. Continental drift and climate
4.2.4. The fast pace of mass extinctions
4.3. Geophysical biogeography at regional scale
4.3.1. Mountain belts and rifts
4.3.2. Epeirogenies, dynamic topography
4.3.3. Glacial cycles
4.4. Conclusions
4.5. References
5. Island Biogeography
5.1. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography
5.2. Insularity and the evolution of emblematic biotas
5.3. Island biogeography in the Anthropocene
5.3.1. Biological invasions
5.3.2. Anthropogenic climate change
5.4. References
6. Cave Biogeography
6.1. Physical characteristics of subterranean environments
6.2. Diversity and adaptations of the cave fauna
6.2.1. Underground evolution
6.2.2. Diversity
6.3. Vicariance and dispersal shape the global distribution patterns of cave animals
6.3.1. Disjunct distributions and the relictual status of cave biota
6.3.2. Colonization of the subterranean environment: reassessing biogeographic hypotheses
6.4. Perspectives in subterranean biogeography
6.5. Acknowledgments
6.6. References
7. Soil Bacterial Biogeography at the Scale of France
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Soil bacterial communities
7.2.1. Abundance, diversity and role
7.2.2. Molecular tools to characterize bacterial communities
7.2.3. Genesis of microbial biogeography
7.3. Soil survey networks around the world
7.3.1. The French Monitoring Network of Soil Quality
7.4. Bacterial alphaand beta-diversity at the national scale
7.4.1. Bacterial alpha-diversity
7.4.2. The bacterial taxa-area relationship
7.5. Spatial distribution and ecological attributes of bacterial taxa at a large scale
7.6. Large-scale bacterial co-occurrence networks (also called Bacteriosociology)
7.7. Do large-scale bacterial habitats exist?
7.8. Biogeography at the service of environmental diagnosis
7.9. Conclusion perspectives
7.10. References
8. Fungal Biogeography
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Fungal evolutionary history
8.3. Biogeographic patterns
8.3.1. Distance-decay of similarity and species area relationship
8.3.2. Latitudinal diversity patterns
8.3.3. Altitudinal diversity patterns
8.4. Functional and interactional biogeography of fungi
8.4.1. Functional biogeography of fungi
8.4.2. Interactional biogeography of fungi and plants
8.4.3. Interactional biogeography of fungi and animals
8.4.4. Interactional biogeography of fungi and bacteria
8.5. Fungal biogeography under global environmental change
8.6. The role of citizen science in the study of fungal biogeography
8.7. Future directions
8.8. References
9. Freshwater Biogeography in a Nutshell
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Freshwater hotspots and patterns in species richness
9.2.1. Latitudinal gradient in species richness
9.2.2. Geography, environment and biogeographical history
9.2.3. Species-area relationship (SAR)
9.2.4. Community assembly in freshwater
9.2.5. Local scale
9.2.6. Metacommunity concept
9.2.7. Beta diversity
9.3. Conclusion
9.4. Acknowledgments
9.5. References
10. Marine Biogeography
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Diversification in the oceans
10.3. Diversity gradients in the oceans
10.3.1. Latitudinal diversity gradients
10.3.2. Bathymetric diversity gradients
10.3.3. Compositional diversity gradients
10.3.4. Functional and phylogenetic diversity gradients
10.4. Conclusions
10.5. References
11. Biogeography of Diseases
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. The need of disease mapping for management and prevention policies
11.1.2. Hypotheses on which biogeography sustains the analysis of infectious diseases
11.2. Do microbes have their own biogeography?
11.3. Historical biogeography and disease
11.4. Disease distribution patterns
11.5. Disease distribution modeling
11.5.1. Mechanistic versus empirical modeling
11.5.2. The search for risk factors in time and space
11.5.3. Pathogeography: addressing the multifaceted analysis in disease mapping
11.6. Concluding remarks
11.7. Acknowledgements
11.8. References
12. Biogeography and Climate Change
12.1. Climate change
12.1.1. Drivers of climate change
12.1.2. Observed changes in the climate system
12.1.3. Future projections of global climate change
12.2. Impacts of climate change on biodiversity
12.2.1. Recent impacts
12.2.2. Future impacts
12.3. References
13. Conservation Biogeography: Our Place in the World
13.1. The emergence of conservation biogeography
13.2. Milestones in the development of conservation biogeography
13.3. The purview of conservation biogeography: claimed and examined
13.4. Has conservation biogeography provided unique contributions to biodiversity conservation?
13.5. Future directions
13.6. References
List of Authors
Index
EULA

Preface

Eric GUILBERT

UMR7179 MECADEV, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France

I am pretty sure that most of the scientists working on evolution or the ecology of living organisms did not start as biogeographers . However, when interested in understanding how living organisms have evolved, and how they are organized in relation to their environment, linked to biotic and abiotic variables, biologists naturally arrive at biogeography. Biogeography is the main approach when embracing the history of living species as a whole. It is a huge world, and it is only growing. After a quick search online (Lavoisier.fr), I found 1,291 books on Biogeography written since 1985. Another search, on the Web of Science (wcs.webofknowledge.com), shows 36,567 papers (written between 1957 and 2021) with "biogeography" in the title (Figure P.1). Among these, 25% are associated with "ecology" and 19% with "evolutionary biology". However, not only ecology and evolutionary biology are linked to biogeography, but a wide range of disciplines, from geography (9%) to genetics (8%) or conservation (7%).

This is why biogeography involves a wide variety of different methods. Which do we use for what purpose? The questions in biogeography are very diverse, and thus the approaches used may be very different. In the second overview of biogeography, Dawson et al. (2016) said the most common term in the 521 abstracts of the 7th biennial meeting of the International Biogeographic Society was "distribution". In terms of space, "region" was the most common and in terms of time, "history" or "historical" was the most common, followed by "future". The word "species" was mentioned in 85% of the abstracts. Biogeography still remains the study of the distribution of species in space and time, despite a widening range of topics. The future of species is one of the major interests, with the history of species distribution.

Figure P.1. Representation of the number of publications according to different keywords.

Source: Web of Science (wcs.webofknowledge.com), March 19, 2021

If terrestrial plant distribution is the main historical beginning of biogeography studies, with the Essai sur la géographie des plantes, written by von Humboldt and Bonpland (1805), the concept was quickly broadened to include other living organisms; see Wallace's The Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876). After that, progress in taxonomy, systematics and phylogenetics made these studies even broader. New techniques, such as DNA sequencing, ecological niche modeling and many others, have allowed biogeographical approaches to be widened. Dealing with the distribution of Nothofagus (the iconic Southern beech) is not the same as dealing with the propagation of the Ebola virus. Nothofagus has been a key group in biogeographical studies on plants for over 170 years (Cook and Crisp 2005). Despite a huge amount of literature on the subject, the evolution of Nothofagus remains controversial (Hill et al. 2015). On the other hand, the Ebola virus was totally unknown before the 1970s (Pourrut et al. 2005) and, today, drivers that shape the epidemic are much better known, thanks to improvements in approaches and methods (see Chapter 12).

Not only do approaches differ according to the biology of organisms but they also differ according to the environment. Dealing with the biogeography of freshwater fish is not the same as dealing with the biogeography of marine fish. If freshwater habitats can be considered as islands of water in the middle of the land (see Chapter 8), oceans are much less fragmented and more stable environments (see Chapter 9). How should bacterial distribution in the soil be considered? Drivers of community assemblages of bacteria are specific (Fierer et al. 2007). In addition, taxonomic recognition of bacteria involves molecular tools (see Chapter 7). Is the biogeography of water beetles studied in the same way as the biogeography of cave beetles? The drivers of their distribution may not be the same (see, for example, Arribas et al. 2012; Faille et al. 2014), even if both can be considered as in an insular environment.

A lot of very good books on biogeography have been edited; see, for example, the fifth edition of Biogeography (Lomolino et al. 2017), or Conservation Biogeography (Ladle et al. 2011). Most provide the very bases of biogeography, theories and methods, a wide range of approaches, historical and original cases with nice illustrations. And yet, new studies and methodological novelties are coming out every year, and the number and variety make biogeography so attractive and exciting!

In this book, we have chosen to present an overview of biogeography through different specialists, disciplines, particular living groups or ecosystems and challenging topics, trying to cover a wide range of the current studies in such a broad and multidisciplinary science. The biogeography of terrestrial plants and animals is the very basis of the discipline, yet many topics in these two groups remain unstudied. Many books already cover biogeographical studies on plants and animals and these will not be considered in this book.

After a particular overview of the history of biogeography in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2 we will have an intensive study of the challenges and perspectives of the main analytical approaches used in biogeography, an always-changing world. We will then investigate different approaches, such as phylogeography, dealing with the geographical distribution in gene lineages within species or between closely related species (Chapter 3). Another approach we will look at, in Chapter 4, is geophysical, where the geology and climate conditions are put before biotic processes. We will study different ecosystems, such as islands, in Chapter 5. Since MacArthur and Wilson (1967), how can we miss the famous case of island biogeography! Caves (Chapter 6) are also an extreme ecosystem where species develop specific adaptive skills. Soil bacteria (Chapter 7) is almost an unknown world, a world in which much is still to be done in terms of biogeography, and it deserves a specific approach. In the same way, fungi play an essential role in ecosystem processes, and remain largely unstudied. In Chapter 8, we will also explore the biogeography of fungi, reacting differently according to environmental conditions. In Chapters 9 and 10, we will deal with two different environments, that of freshwater biogeography (Chapter 9) and that of marine biogeography (Chapter 10). One is like islands of water in the land, while the other is open areas, where terrestrial approaches are not always applicable. Finally, we will focus on particular approaches that are challenging today and may be of greater importance in the future, such as the biogeography of diseases (Chapter 11), a very current field of research, climate change (Chapter 12) and conservation (Chapter 13), two fields that are also closely linked to the human impact on the distribution of species in space and time.

Biogeography is not only a discipline that has been questioning the evolution of species and ecology since naturalists started exploring the world. Understanding patterns and processes of the distribution of species in space and time may provide solutions to the challenges humanity has faced since the era called the Anthropocene and its consequences, such as the biodiversity crisis and global warming.

July 2021

P.1. References

Arribas, P., Velasco, J., Abellan, P., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Andujar, C., Calosi, P., Millan, A., Ribera, I., Bilton, D.T. (2012). Dispersal ability rather than ecological tolerance drives differences in range size between lentic and lotic water beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Journal of Biogeography, 39, 984-994.

Cook, L.G. and Crisp, M.D. (2005). Not so ancient: The extant crown group of Nothofagus represents a post-Gondwanan radiation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272(1580), 2535-2544.

Dawson, M.N., Axmacher, J.C., Beierkuhnlein, C., Blois, J., Bradley, B.A., Cord, A.F., Dengler, J., He, K.A., Heaney, L.R., Jansson, R., Mahecha, M.D., Myers, C., Nogués-Bravo, D., Papadopoulou, A., Reu, B., Rodríguez-Sánchez, F., Steinbauer, M.J., Stigall, A., Tuanmu, M.-N., Gavin, D.G. (2016). A second horizon scan of biogeography: Golden Ages, Midas touches, and the Red Queen. Frontiers of Biogeography, 8(4), 1-30.

Faille, A., Andújar, C., Fadrique, F., Ribera, I. (2014). Late Miocene origin of a Ibero-Maghrebian clade of ground beetles with multiple colonisations of the subterranean environment. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 1979-1990.

Fierer, N., Bradford, M.A., Jackson, R.B. (2007). Toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria. Ecology, 88(6), 1354-1364.

Hill, R.S., Jordan, G.J., Macphail, M.K. (2015). Why we should retain Nothofagus sensu lato. Australian Systematic Botany, 28(3), 190.

von Humboldt, A. and Bonpland, A. (1805). Essai sur la géographie des plantes ; accompagné d'un tableau physique des régions équinocoxiales. Levrault, Schoell & Co., Paris.

Ladle, R.J. and Whittaker, R.J. (2011). Conservation...

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