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Genetics and its mysterious little sister, epigenetics, have deep roots in the history of biology. Today, epigenetics is of paramount importance in not only the fundamental sciences, but also in life science applications, ranging from molecular biology, and disease diagnosis and treatment, to agriculture.
Epigenetics in Ecology and Evolution traces the history of the concept of epigenetics in biology and describes the molecular mechanisms concerned. It examines the contributions that the emerging discipline of epigenetics has made to the fields of ecology and evolution, regarding both plant and animal organisms, as well as its place in our society.
By exploring the importance of epigenetics at varying levels, from the cell to the organism as a whole, and even to the ecosystem, this book offers answers that are accessible to a wide audience, from scientifically curious citizens to students and professionals working in the world of biology. The aim is to enable everyone to acquire or develop a critical and informed perspective on the complex relationships between genetics and epigenetics.
Christoph Grunau is Professor of Biology at the Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, France, and Director of the "Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions" laboratory. His research focuses on environmental epigenetics.
Stéphane Maury is Professor of Plant Physiology and Epigenetics at the Université d'Orléans, France, in the "P2e" (Physiology Ecology Environment) laboratory (INRAE ECODIV Department). He coordinates a research team working on tree epigenetics in the context of climate change.
Preface xiChristoph GRUNAU and Stéphane MAURY
Chapter 1. A Brief Conceptual History of Epigenetics, and More Besides 1Arnaud POCHEVILLE
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The birth of the term: from epigenesis to pangenesis 3
1.3. From pangene to classical gene 7
1.4. Classical epigenetics 11
1.5. Molecular epigenetics 12
1.6. Epigenetics without knowing it, or Mr. Jourdain's epigenetics 15
1.7. Post-genomic epigenetics: epigenomics 19
1.8. Developmental, ecological and evolutionary epigenetics 25
1.9. Epigenetics and ethics 29
1.10. Conclusion 29
1.11. References 32
Chapter 2. Molecular Players of Epigenetic Information 61Natacha BIES ETHEVE, Séverine CHAMBEYRON and Frédéric BANTIGNIES
2.1. Introduction 61
2.2. DNA methylation 63
2.3. Histone modifications 68
2.4. Chromatin topology 75
2.5. Regulatory RNAs 80
2.6. Conclusion 88
2.7. References 88
Chapter 3. Epigenetics and Transposable Elements 95Clémentine VITTE, Séverine CHAMBEYRON and Cristina VIEIRA
3.1. Introduction 95
3.2. TEs in genomes 96
3.3. Impact of TEs on phenotype 103
3.4. The effect of TE in adaptation and evolution 110
3.5. Conclusion 112
3.6. References 113
Chapter 4. Epigenetics: The Same for all Species? 117Clémentine VITTE and Nicolas NÈGRE
4.1. Universal epigenetic mechanisms? 117
4.2. Origin of the various chromatin components 118
4.3. Evolution of epigenetic systems 121
4.4. Example of the evolution of DNA methylation in different groups of organisms 122
4.5. Which model organisms for epigenetics? 125
4.6. References 126
Chapter 5. Epigenome Modifications as a Therapeutic and Research Tool 129Nelia LUVIANO, Francesco CALZAFERRI and Marie LOPEZ
5.1. Introduction 129
5.2. Epigenetic modification strategies 130
5.3. Epigenetic modification targeting DNA methylation 139
5.4. Epigenetic modification of histone epigenetic marks 144
5.5. dCas9-based technology to edit nuclear architecture 147
5.6. dCas9 fused to transcription factors 149
5.7. dCas13-based technology to edit RNA modifications 150
5.8. Conclusion 151
5.9. References 152
Chapter 6. Epigenetics and Stress 161Raphaëlle CHAIX and Natacha BIES ETHEVE
6.1. Impact of environmental constraints on epigenetic marks in animals and humans 161
6.2. Impact of environmental stress on epigenetic marks in plants 167
6.3. Conclusion 179
6.4. References 179
Chapter 7. Phenotypic Plasticity, Epigenetics and Adaptability 189Patricia GIBERT, Cristina VIEIRA and Frédéric BRUNET
7.1. Introduction 189
7.2. Experimental approach to PP 191
7.3. Molecular mechanisms of PP 194
7.4. Evolution of PP 195
7.5. Evolution through PP 197
7.6. Conclusion 200
7.7. References 201
Chapter 8. Epigenetics and Climate Change: The Example of Forest Ecosystems 205Stéphane MAURY and Christophe PLOMION
8.1. Introduction: an ecological crisis on an unprecedented scale 205
8.2. Forests and climate change: from current situation to challenges 209
8.3. Epigenetics as a source of flexibility in trees in a context of GC 216
8.4. Conclusion 232
8.5. Acknowledgements 232
8.6. References 233
Chapter 9. Epigenetics and Crop Improvement 239Julie LECLERCQ, Dominique THIS and Patrice THIS
9.1. Introduction 239
9.2. Defining agricultural transition objectives and challenges 240
9.3. The contribution of (epi)genetics to the definition of traits of agronomic interest and the construction of ideotypes 244
9.4. The role of epigenetics in current selection schemes 248
9.5. The final stages before a new variety is labeled 254
9.6. Development of new varieties without sexual crossing 256
9.7. Legislation and marketing of varietal innovations resulting from epigenetic variations 259
9.8. Conclusion and prospects 260
9.9. References 260
Chapter 10. Epigenetics and Livestock Improvement 265Vincent COUSTHAM and Frédérique PITEL
10.1. Introduction 265
10.2. Genetic selection issues and epigenetic improvement levers 266
10.3. Early phenotype programming 268
10.4. Transgenerational epigenetic effects 274
10.5. Conclusion 275
10.6. References 275
Chapter 11. Epigenetics in Evolution 281Christoph GRUNAU and Alexandra WEYRICH
11.1. Evolution, Environments and Inheritance 281
11.2. Conclusions and further readings 289
11.3 References 289
Chapter 12. Epigenetics and Society: Epigenetics in the French Press 291Michel DUBOIS, Catherine GUASPARE and Séverine LOUVEL
12.1. Introduction 291
12.2. Data and methodology 293
12.3. Epigenetics press 294
12.4. Words and categories 296
12.5. A look at epigenetics in the French press 300
12.6. Discussion: the appeal and visibility of epigenetics 306
12.7. Conclusion 307
12.8. References 308
List of Authors 311
Index 315
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