Marine Ecological Field Methods

Name: Marine Ecological Field Methods | A Guide for Marine Biologists and Fisheries Scientists
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
Price: 77.99 EUR
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A Guide for Marine Biologists and Fisheries Scientists

Anne Gro Vea Salvanes Jennifer Devine Knut Helge Jensen Jon Thomassen Hestetun Kjersti Sjøtun Henrik Glenner(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 8. Februar 2018

320 Seiten

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Beschreibung

A comprehensive, clear, and detailed guide to procedures for conducting marine ecological field studies

Marine Ecological Field Methods is a comprehensive resource that offers the most relevant sampling methodologies for quantitative and qualitative studies of mesopelagic, demersal, littoral, and soft-bottom organisms, as well as relevant physical parameters. The authors describe how various sampling gears work, how to operate them, their limitations, guides on sorting and measuring collected organisms, and how to deal with subsamples of large catches. The text also explains how to use acoustic equipment for monitoring aggregations of organisms, for example fish shoals, as well as the use of sensors for registering environmental variables such as salinity, temperature, oxygen, and light.

The text contains cutting-edge research techniques that are in their final stages of development for use in research surveys. Marine Ecological Field Methods is designed to help with the entire procedure for conducting a field study, including the generation of hypotheses, planning field collection of data, conducting field work, data exploration and statistical analysis with the use of R, and presentation of results in a final report. This essential resource:

* Covers a wide range of techniques and methods for the marine environment

* Includes tried and trusted methodologies and techniques from a team of noted experts in the field

* Contains information on sampling equipment ranging from those that are useful in the littoral zone to shallow nearshore areas, including bottles, secchi discs, and gillnets, and finally large trawls, benthic sleds, ROV and advanced technologies for remote sensing in the open ocean.

* Explores the step-by-step procedures for conducting a field study, from formulating hypotheses to the process of registering and reporting results

Written for students and professionals in the field, this vital resource describes marine ecological sampling equipment, methods and analysis, ranging from physical parameters to fish, microalgae, zooplankton, benthos and macroalgae.

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 The Marine Environment
1.1 Marine Habitats
1.1.1 The Pelagic and Benthic Realms
1.2 The Coastal and Fjord Biotopes
1.2.1 The Littoral and Sublittoral Habitats
1.2.2 The Continental Shelf and Slope
1.2.3 The Deep Ocean
1.3 Physical Characteristics of the Pelagic System
1.3.1 The Light Environment
1.3.1.1 Inherent Optical Properties: Scattering and Absorption Coefficients
1.3.1.2 Visibility, Sighting Distance, and the Beam Attenuation Coefficient
1.3.1.3 Light Penetration and the Attenuation Coefficient of Diffuse Light
1.3.1.4 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)
1.4 Temperate Marine Communities - Environment and Organisms
1.4.1 Littoral Organisms
1.4.1.1 Species, Zonation, and Communities
1.4.2 Sublittoral Organisms
1.4.3 Demersal and Benthic Organisms
1.4.3.1 Bottom-associated Organisms
1.4.3.2 Continental Shelf and Slope Benthos
1.4.3.3 Benthic Fish of the Continental Shelf and Slope
1.4.3.4 Deep Bottom Fish of Fjords and the Norwegian Deeps
1.4.4 Pelagic Organisms
1.4.4.1 Plankton and Micronekton
1.4.4.2 Pelagic Fish
1.4.4.3 Mesopelagic Organisms
1.4.4.4 Deep-pelagic Fish
References
Chapter 2 Planning Marine Field Studies
2.1 Survey and Sampling Design
2.1.1 Survey Design
2.1.2 Sampling at a Station
2.2 Littoral Survey Design
2.2.1 Sampling Methods
2.3 Benthos Survey Design
2.3.1 Mapping the Biodiversity of Sognefjord - An Example of a Multi-sampling Approach
2.3.1.1 The Objectives of the Project
2.3.1.2 Sampling Strategy and Sampling Design
2.3.1.3 Methods and Sampling Activities
2.4 Oceanic Survey Design
2.4.1 Pelagic Trawl Survey for Abundance Estimation of Mackerel
2.4.1.1 Background
2.4.1.2 Primary Objectives
2.4.1.3 Survey Design
2.4.1.4 Equipment
2.4.1.5 Sampling
2.4.1.6 Assumptions
2.4.1.7 Computations
2.4.1.8 Results
2.4.1.9 Potential Uncertainties and Bias
2.4.1.10 What are the Data Used for?
2.4.2 Bottom Trawl Surveys to Monitor Demersal Fish
2.4.2.1 Background
2.4.2.2 Primary Objectives
2.4.2.3 Survey Design
2.4.2.4 Equipment
2.4.2.5 Assumptions
2.4.2.6 Computations
2.4.2.7 What are the Data Used for?
2.5 Ecological Process Studies
2.5.1 Studying Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of Mesopelagic Organisms Using Acoustics
2.5.1.1 Background
2.5.1.2 Primary Objectives
2.5.1.3 Survey Design
2.5.1.4 Equipment
2.5.1.5 Sampling
2.5.1.6 Assumptions
2.5.1.7 Computations
2.5.1.8 Results
2.5.1.9 Potential Uncertainties and Bias
2.5.1.10 What are the Data Used for?
2.5.2 Studying Barotrauma Impacts in Physoclistous Fish Species
2.5.2.1 Background
2.5.2.2 Primary Objectives
2.5.2.3 Survey Design
2.5.2.4 Equipment
2.5.2.5 Assumptions
2.5.2.6 Computations
2.5.2.7 Results
2.5.2.8 What are the Data Used for?
References
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Sampling Gears and Equipment
3.1 Sampling Organisms
3.1.1 Direct Observations
3.1.1.1 Littoral Zone Methods
3.1.1.2 ROV Sampling
3.1.1.3 Video/image-based Methods
3.1.1.4 Manned Submersibles
3.1.1.5 Scuba Diving
3.1.2 Active Gears
3.1.2.1 Sampling Trawls (Midwater and Bottom)
3.1.2.2 Beach Seine
3.1.2.3 Plankton Nets
3.1.2.4 Multiple Nets
3.1.2.5 Sledges and Dredges
3.1.2.6 Grabs and Corers
3.1.2.7 Water Samplers
3.1.3 Passive Gears
3.1.3.1 Gillnets and Entangling Nets
3.1.3.2 Pots
3.1.3.3 Fyke Nets
3.1.3.4 Hook-and-line
3.1.4 Remote Sensing
3.1.4.1 Acoustics
3.1.4.2 AUVs
3.1.4.3 Satellite or Infrared Light
3.2 Sampling the Physical Environment
3.2.1 Conductivity, Salinity, Temperature, Oxygen
3.2.1.1 CTD
3.2.1.2 Weather Station
3.2.2 Light
3.2.2.1 Secchi Disc
3.2.2.2 Transmission Meters
3.2.2.3 PAR Sensors
3.2.2.4 Spectroradiometers
3.2.3 Currents (Direction, Speed)
3.2.3.1 ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)
3.2.3.2 LADCP (Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)
3.2.3.3 Small Handheld ADCPs
3.2.3.4 Moorings with ADCPs
3.2.4 Sediment
3.3 Suitability of Equipment in Given Habitat Types
References
Chapter 4 Sorting Specimens and Preserving Materials
4.1 Sampling Diary
4.2 Sorting and Preserving Littoral Collections
4.3 Sorting Zooplankton
4.3.1 Procedure for Processing Small Zooplankton Samples for Total Biomass
4.4 Sieving and Sorting Benthic Samples
4.5 Fish and Nekton
4.5.1 Trawl Samples
4.5.1.1 Sorting a Codend Sample and Subsampling
4.5.2 Sorting Hook-and-Line Samples
4.6 Data Records
4.6.1 Station Records and Species Composition
4.6.2 Detailed Individual Measurements
4.6.3 Information Transfer to Data Files
4.7 Samples for Storage
4.7.1 Fixatives
4.7.2 Health and Security When Using Fixatives
References
Chapter 5 Data Analysis
5.1 Scripts
5.2 Setting the Working Directory
5.3 Importing Data
5.4 Working with Data
5.4.1 Error Checking
5.4.2 Saving Data
5.5 Data Exploration and Statistical Testing
5.5.1 Analysis of Marine Communities
5.5.1.1 The Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity Index
5.5.2 Physical Environment
5.5.3 Zooplankton Samples
5.5.4 Fish and Nekton
5.5.4.1 Hook-and-line
5.5.4.2 Trawls
5.5.5 Mapping
5.5.5.1 Making Maps with R
References
Index
EULA

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