Plato's Ghost

Introduction 1

I.1 Opening Remarks 1

I.2 Some Mathematical Concepts 16

CHAPTER 1: Modernism and Mathematics 18

1.1 Modernism in Branches of Mathematics 18

1.2 Changes in Philosophy 24

1.3 The Modernization of Mathematics 32

CHAPTER 2: Before Modernism 39

2.1 Geometry 39

2.2 Analysis 58

2.3 Algebra 75

2.4 Philosophy 78

2.5 British Algebra and Logic 101

2.6 The Consensus in 1880 112

CHAPTER 3: Mathematical Modernism Arrives 113

3.1 Modern Geometry: Piecemeal Abstraction 113

3.2 Modern Analysis 129

3.3 Algebra 148

3.4 Modern Logic and Set Theory 157

3.5 The View from Paris and St. Louis 170

CHAPTER 4: Modernism Avowed 176

4.1 Geometry 176

4.2 Philosophy and Mathematics in Germany 196

4.3 Algebra 213

4.4 Modern Analysis 216

4.5 Modernist Objects 235

4.6 American Philosophers and Logicians 239

4.7 The Paradoxes of Set Theory 247

4.8 Anxiety 266

4.9 Coming to Terms with Kant 277

CHAPTER 5: Faces of Mathematics 305

5.1 Introduction 305

5.2 Mathematics and Physics 306

5.3 Measurement 328

5.4 Popularizing Mathematics around 1900 346

5. Writing the History of Mathematics 365

CHAPTER 6: Mathematics, Language, and Psychology 374

6.1 Languages Natural and Artificial 374

6.2 Mathematical Modernism and Psychology 388

CHAPTER 7: After the War 406

7.1 The Foundations of Mathematics 406

7.2 Mathematics and the Mechanization of Thought 430

7.3 The Rise of Mathematical Platonism 440

7.4 Did Modernism'"Win"? 452

7.5 The Work Is Done 458

Appendix: Four Theorems in Projective Geometry 463

Glossary 467

Bibliography 473

Index 503