[*] 3. Ovary superior, simple, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a berry or drupe; trees or shrubs, with mostly entire leaves and no stipules.
93. Lauraceæ (p. 446). Flowers perfect or diocious. Sepals 4 or 6, in 2 rows. Stamens 9-12; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. Seed suspended; albumen none. Aromatic; leaves alternate.
94. Thymelæaceæ (p. 448). Flowers perfect. Calyx corolla-like, 4-5-cleft. Stamens twice as many. Seed suspended, with little or no albumen. Acrid shrubs with very tough bark; leaves alternate.
95. Elæagnaceæ (p. 448). Flowers mostly diocious. Calyx-tube becoming berry-like and enclosing the achene. Seed erect, albuminous. Leaves silvery-scurfy, opposite.
[*] 4. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-3-ovuled (but 1-seeded); albumen without testa, bearing the embryo in a cavity at the apex; calyx-lobes valvate.
96. Loranthaceæ (p. 449). Parasitic on trees, with jointed stems and opposite leaves. Flowers diocious. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a berry.
97. Santalaceæ (p. 450). Flowers perfect. Ovules 2-4, suspended from the apex of a central placenta. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Leaves alternate.
[*] 5. Flowers all unisexual (polygamous in some Urticaceæ and Empetraceæ, apparently perfect in Euphorbia); cells 1-2-ovuled; embryo nearly as long as the albumen or filling the seed; calyx often wanting, corolla-like only in some Euphorbiaceæ and Empetraceæ; stipules often present.
[+] 1. Ovary superior, 3-celled (1-celled in Crotonopsis) with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; herbs.
98. Euphorbiaceæ (p. 451). Flowers monocious or diocious (involucrate and apparently perfect in Euphorbia). Mostly with milky juice, and usually alternate often stipulate leaves.
[+] 2. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded; trees or shrubs (except some Urticaceæ).
[++] Calyx regular, the stamens as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer; ovary superior.
99. Urticaceæ (p. 461). Flowers monocious, diocious, or (in Ulmeæ) perfect. Seeds exalbuminous or nearly so. Inflorescence very various.
[++][++] Perianth mostly none; at least the staminate flowers in aments or spikes or dense heads; albumen none.
100. Platanaceæ (p. 466). Trees, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, sheathing stipules, and monocious flowers in separate globose heads. Ovary superior; fruit a club-shaped nutlet.
101. Juglandaceæ (p. 467). Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules, and monocious flowers, the staminate in aments. Ovary inferior; fruit a nut.
102. Myricaceæ (p. 469). Shrubs, with resinous-dotted leaves, with or without stipules, and monocious or diocious flowers, both kinds in short scaly aments. Ovary superior, becoming a small drupe-like nut.
[+] 3. Ovary 2-7-celled, with 1 or 2 suspended ovules in each cell, becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded; calyx mostly none or adherent to the ovary; trees or shrubs with simple leaves.
103. Cupuliferæ (p. 470). Flowers monocious. Fruit a nut surrounded by an involucre, or (in Betuleæ) a small winged or angled naked nutlet in the axils of the scales of an ament.
[+] 4. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a 2-valved pod with two parietal or basal placentæ bearing numerous small comose seeds; perianth none.
104. Salicaceæ (p. 480). Diocious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in aments, and simple alternate stipulate leaves.
[+] 5. Ovary several-celled, becoming a drupe containing 3-9 1-seeded nutlets; seed erect; low shrubby heath-like evergreens.
105. Empetraceæ (p. 487). Flowers polygamous or diocious, scaly-bracted. Sepals somewhat petaloid or none. Embryo axile in copious albumen.
[+] 6. Ovary 1-celled with a suspended ovule, becoming an achene; calyx none; aquatic herbs, with finely dissected whorled leaves.
106. Ceratophyllaceæ (p. 488). Flowers monocious, minute, axillary and sessile. Albumen none; the seed filled with a highly developed embryo.
Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. Ovules naked upon a scale, bract, or disk. Cotyledons two or more.
107. Coniferæ (p. 489). Resiniferous trees or shrubs, with mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped and evergreen leaves, and monocious or diocious flowers.
Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody fibres distributed irregularly through them (a transverse slice showing the fibres as dots scattered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon and the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes (never in fives), and the leaves mostly parallel-veined. Our species herbaceous, excepting Smilax.
[*] Ovary inferior (superior in Bromeliaceæ, nearly so in some Hemodoraceæ); at least the inner lobes of the perianth petal-like.
[+] 1. Seeds without albumen, very numerous and minute.
108. Hydrocharidaceæ (p. 495). Aquatics, with diocious or polygamous flowers from a spathe; outer perianth calyx-like, the inner sometimes wanting. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentæ or 6-9-celled with axile placentæ.
109. Burmanniaceæ (p. 496). Terrestrial, with scale-like cauline leaves and regular perfect triandrous flowers. Perianth corolla-like.
110. Orchidaceæ (p. 497). Terrestrial, with very irregular perfect flowers. Stamens and style connate; anthers 1 or 2. Capsule 1-celled; placentæ 3, parietal. Perianth corolla-like.
[+] 2. Seeds albuminous. (Ovary 3-celled and flowers regular in our genera.)
111. Bromeliaceæ (p. 511). Mostly epiphytes, with dry persistent scurfy leaves. Flowers 6-androus; outer perianth calyx-like.
112. Hemodoraceæ (p. 512). Fibrous-rooted, with equitant leaves and perfect 3- or 6-androus flowers. Perianth persistent, woolly or scurfy outside. (Ovary sometimes nearly free; leaves flat in Aletris.)
113. Iridaceæ (p. 513). Root not bulbous; leaves equitant in two ranks. Flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3, opposite the outer lobes of the corolla-like perianth; anthers extrorse.
114. Amaryllidaceæ (p. 515). Often bulbous-rooted and scapose. Perianth corolla-like. Stamens 6; anthers introrse.
115. Dioscoreaceæ (p. 517). Climbing, with net-veined leaves. Flowers diocious, small, 6-androus; perianth calyx-like. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.
[*][*] Ovary superior (very rarely partially adnate to the calyx in Liliaceæ).
[+] 1. At least the inner perianth corolla-like; ovary compound; seeds with copious albumen.
116. Liliaceæ (p. 517). Flowers perfect, 6-androus, the regular perianth corolla-like (diocious in Smilax, dimerous in Maianthemum, the outer divisions herbaceous in Trillium). Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry.
117. Pontederiaceæ (p. 535). Aquatic, with more or less irregular perfect flowers from a spathe; perianth corolla-like. Stamens 3 or 6, mostly unequal or dissimilar. Capsule 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled.
118. Xyridaceæ (p. 536). Rush-like, scapose. Flowers capitate, perfect, 3-androus, the calyx glumaceous. Capsule 1-celled.
119. Mayaceæ (p. 537). Moss-like aquatic. Flowers perfect, axillary, solitary, 3-androus; calyx herbaceous. Capsule 1-celled.
120. Commelinaceæ (p. 538). Flowers perfect, regular or somewhat irregular, with 3 more or less herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 fugacious petals. Stamens 6 or some sterile. Capsule 2-3-celled.
127. Eriocauleæ (p. 566). Scapose aquatic or marsh plants, with linear leaves and dense heads of monocious (rarely diocious) minute flowers. Corolla tubular or none. Capsule 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded.
[+] 2. Perianth small, of 6 equal persistent glumaceous segments; flowers perfect; ovary compound.
121. Juncaceæ (p. 539). Rush-like. Stamens 3 or 6. Capsule 1- or 3-celled, 3-valved.
[+] 3. Flowers without chaffy glumes, the perianth none or reduced to bristles or sepal-like scales; flowers often monocious or diocious; carpels solitary or united.
[++] Flowers capitate or upon a spike or spadix, with or without a spathe.
122. Typhaceæ (p. 547). Marsh or aquatic plants, with linear leaves, and monocious flowers without proper perianth, in heads or a naked spike.
123. Araceæ (p. 548). Flowers perfect or monocious upon the same spadix, rarely diocious, with 4 or 6 scale-like sepals or none.
[++][++] Flowers very minute, one or few from the margin of a floating disk-like frond.
124. Lemnaceæ (p. 551). Plants very small, green, mostly lenticular or globose.
[+] 4. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments, the inner often petaloid, or none; carpels solitary or distinct (coherent in Triglochin); seeds without albumen; aquatic or marsh plants, often monocious or diocious.
125. Alismaceæ (p. 553). Perianth of 6 segments, the inner petal-like.
126. Naiadaceæ (p. 557). Perianth-segments herbaceous or none.
[+] 5. Flowers in the axils of chaffy scales or glumes arranged in spikes or spikelets, without evident perianth; stamens 1-3; ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded; seed...
