Improving the Test Process

Name: Improving the Test Process | Implementing Improvement and Change - A Study Guide for the ISTQB Expert Level Module
Brand: Rocky Nook
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Implementing Improvement and Change - A Study Guide for the ISTQB Expert Level Module

Erik Van Veenendaal Graham Bath(Autor*in)

Rocky Nook (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 13. Dezember 2013

434 Seiten

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978-1-4920-0132-4 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
1.1 About the Authors
1.1.1 Erik van Veenendaal
1.1.2 Graham Bath
1.2 Purpose of the Book
Overview
Completeness and Structure
Readability
1.3 What Is an Expert?
1.4 Expectations and Business Outcomes
Part 1: Assessing test processes
Part 2: Implementing test process improvement
1.5 Career Paths for Testers
1.6 Syllabus Parts
1.7 The Certification Exam
Pass Mark
1.8 Certification
2 The Context of Improvement
2.1 Why Improve Testing?
2.2 What Can Be Improved?
Preconditions
Context
2.3 Views on Quality
The Product-Based Definition
The User-Based Definition
The Manufacturing-Based Definition
The Value-Based Definition
The Transcendent-Based Definition
2.4 The Generic Improvement Process
2.4.1 The Deming Cycle
Plan
Do
Check
Act
Sustainment
2.4.2 The IDEAL Improvement Framework
2.4.3 Fundamental Concepts of Excellence
European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM)
Enablers - How We Do Things
Results - What We Target, Measure, and Achieve
Malcolm Baldrige Model
Six Sigma
Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
2.5 Overview of Improvement Approaches
2.5.1 Overview of Model-Based Approaches
2.5.2 Overview of Analytical Approaches
2.5.3 Hybrid Approaches
2.5.4 Other Approaches to Improving the Test Process
Test Process Improvement by Developing People's Skills
Personal Software Process (PSP)
People CMM
Test Process Improvement by Using Tools
Test Process Improvement in Different Test Approaches
Sequential Life Cycle
Iterative Life Cycle
Test Closure Phase
Exploratory Testing
Risk-Based Testing
Test Process Improvement Related to Adoption of Standards and Regulations
IEEE 829 - Software and System Test Documentation standard
IEEE 1028 - Reviews
BS7925-2 Software Component Testing
Test Process Improvement Focused on Specific Resources
2.6 Exercises
3 Model-Based Improvement
3.1 Introduction to Test Process Improvement Models
3.1.1 Desirable Characteristics of Test Process Improvement Models
Model Content
Model Design
Formal Considerations
3.1.2 Using Models: Benefits and Risks
Benefit: Structured Approach
Benefit: Leveraging of Testing Best Practices
Benefit: Thorough Coverage
Benefit: Objectivity
Benefit: Comparability
Risk: Failure to Consider Project Context
Risk: "Model Blindness"
Risk: Wrong Approach
Risk: Lack of Skills
3.1.3 Categories of Models
Process Reference Models and Content Reference Models
Continuous and Staged Representations
3.2 Software Process Improvement (SPI) Models
3.2.1 Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)
Introduction
Structure
Testing-Related Process Areas
Assessments
Benefits
Summary
3.2.2 ISO/IEC 15504
Process Dimension
Capability Dimension
Using ISO/IEC 15504-5 for Assessing Test Processes
3.2.3 Comparing CMMI and ISO/IEC 15504
3.3 Test Process Improvement Models
3.3.1 The Test Process Improvement Model (TPI NEXT)
Introduction
Overview of Model Structure
Maturity Levels
Key Areas
Checkpoints
Test Maturity Matrix
Clusters
Enablers
Improvement Suggestions
Using TPI NEXT: Overview
Representing Business Objectives
Evaluating Assessment Results
Setting Improvement Priorities
3.3.2 Test Maturity Model integration (TMMi)
Introduction
TMMi Maturity Levels
Level 1 - Initial
Level 2 - Managed
Level 3 - Defined
Level 4 - Measured
Level 5 - Optimization
Structure of the TMMi
TMMi and CMMI
TMMi Assessments
Improvement Approach
3.3.3 Comparing TPI NEXT to TMMi
Representation
Main Focus
Overall Approach
Test Methods
Terminology
Relationship to SPI Models
Other Issues Not Covered in the Syllabus
3.3.4 Systematic Test and Evaluation Process (STEP)
Overview of Structure
Summary of STEP Content
Roles
Using STEP for Test Process Improvement
3.3.5 Critical Testing Processes (CTP)
Overview of Structure
Summary of Critical Testing Processes
The Role of Metrics within CTP
Using CTP for Test Process Improvement
3.4 Comparing Process Models and Content Models
3.5 Suitability of SPI Models and Test Process Improvement Models
Level of Detail
Scope of Improvement
Consistency of Approach
Marketing Considerations
3.6 Exercises
4 Analytical-Based Improvement
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Causal Analysis
4.2.1 Selecting Items for Causal Analysis
Use of the Pareto Principle
Defect Categorizations
Analysis of Statistics
Identifying clusters of defects
Using statistical distributions
Logical combinations
Holding Project Retrospective Meetings
4.2.2 Gathering and Organizing the Information
Getting Started: Select a Suitable Approach
Cause-Effect (Ishikawa) Diagrams
Mind Maps
System Models
Responsibilities
Other Uses
Organizing the Information: Summary of Benefits
4.2.3 Identifying Root Causes
Task 1: Set Up the Ishikawa Diagram
Task 2: Identify Individual "Mostly Likely" Causes
Task 3: Add Information to Assist the Analysis
Task 4: Work Top-Down through the Hierarchy of Causes
4.2.4 Drawing Conclusions
4.2.5 Causal Analysis with System Diagrams
Benefits and Limitations
4.2.6 Causal Analysis during Formal Reviews
Benefits and Limitations
4.2.7 Causal Analysis Lessons Learned
The "Causes-Effect Fallacy"
Saying "We Don't Know" Is Better Than Guessing
"Lean and Mean" Work Groups
Encourage Analytical Thinkers
Step Back and Think
4.3 GQM Approach
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Paradigms
GQM Paradigm
Quality Improvement Paradigm
4.3.3 GQM Process
GQM Process Steps
Step 1: Organization and Project Characterization
Step 2: Goal Definition
Step 3: Developing the Measurement Program
GQM Plan
Measurement Plan
Analysis Plan
Step 4: Execution of the Measurement Program
Step 5: Feedback Sessions
Step 6: Packaging of Measurement Results
GQM Definition
GQM Interpretation
4.3.4 Supporting Tools and Techniques
Goal Definition
Measurement Goal Template
The Seven Questions
Abstraction Sheets
Data Collection Tools
Feedback Sessions
4.3.5 Bottom-Up Improvement
4.4 Analysis Using Measures, Metrics, and Indicators
Measure
Metric
Indicator
Standard Test Performance Indicators and Metrics
4.4.1 Test Effectiveness Metrics
Defect Detection Percentage (DDP)
Post-Release Defect Rate
4.4.2 Test Efficiency / Cost Metrics
Cost of Quality Ratio
Early Defect Detection
Relative Test Effort
Test Efficiency
Automation Level
Test Productivity
4.4.3 Lead-Time Metrics
Test Execution Lead Time
4.4.4 Predictability Metrics
Test Execution Lead-Time Slippage
Effort Slip (or Cost)
Test Case Slip
4.4.5 Product Quality Metrics
Metrics for Quality Attributes
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
Coverage Indicators
Requirements Coverage
Code Coverage
4.4.6 Test Maturity Metrics
Test Maturity
4.5 Exercises
5 Selecting Improvement Approaches
5.1 Selecting Test Process Improvement Approaches
5.2 Process Models
A Test Process Already Exists
Comparisons or Benchmarking is Required Between Similar Projects
Compatibility with Software Process Improvement Models is Required
Company Policy is to Attain a Specific Maturity Level (e.g., TMMi Level 3)
A Well-Defined Starting Point with a Predefined Path of Improvement is Desired
A Measure of Test Maturity is Needed (e.g., for Marketing Purposes)
Process Models are Respected and Accepted in the Organization
5.3 Content Models
A Test Process Needs to be Established
An Assessment to Identify Costs and Risks Associated with the Current Test Process is Needed
Improvements Need to be Implemented in the Order Determined by Business Needs
Tailoring is Required to Ensure That the Test Process Fits the Company's Specific Context
Discontinuous, Rapid Improvements and Changes to the Existing Test Process are Desired
5.4 Analytical Approaches
Specific Problems Need to be Targeted
Measures and Metrics are Available or can be Established and Taken
Evidence for the Need of a Test Process is Required
Agreement is Needed About the Reasons for Change
The Root Cause of the Problem is not Necessarily Within the Control of the Test Process Owner
A Small-Scale Evaluation or Improvement Pilot is Required/Budgeted For
A Pilot is Required to See Whether a Larger-Scale Investigation is Needed
There is a Need to Test Hypotheses about the Causes, Symptoms, and Effects of Problems
The Organizational Culture Values/Trusts Internally Developed Analysis Based on Local Evidence
Stakeholders from Many Areas are to be Involved Personally in the Analysis
The Team has Control of the Analysis
5.5 Mixed Approaches
5.6 Analytical Approaches and Improvement Models
5.6.1 Analytical-Based Improvement with CMMI
5.6.2 Analytical-Based Improvement with TPI NEXT
5.6.3 Analytical-Based Improvement with TMMi
5.6.4 Analytical-Based Improvement with CTP and STEP
5.7 Exercises
6 Process for Improvement
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 IDEAL Process Improvement Framework
6.1.2 Test Policy
6.2 Initiating the Improvement Process
6.2.1 Identify Stimulus for Change
6.2.2 Set Objectives for Test Improvement
Establishing a General Vision for the Future
Setting Specific Objectives
Aligning Testing Improvements to the Organization
Corporate Dashboard
Balanced Scorecard
Learning and Growth
Customer
Internal Business Processes
Financial
6.2.3 Set Context
6.2.4 Build Sponsorship
6.2.5 Charter Infrastructure
6.3 Diagnosing the Current Situation
High Level Overview
Characterize Current and Desired States
Develop Recommendations
Detailed Tasks
6.3.1 Planning the Assessment
6.3.2 Assessment Preparation
6.3.3 Performing Interviews
6.3.4 Giving Feedback
6.3.5 Analyzing Results
6.3.6 Performing Solution Analysis
6.3.7 Recommending Improvement Actions
Preliminary Stage
Final Stage
The Assessment Report
Tips
6.4 Establishing a Test Improvement Plan
6.4.1 Set Priorities
6.4.2 Develop an Implementation Approach
6.4.3 Planning the Improvements
6.5 Acting to Implement Improvement
Create Solution
Tip: Process Documentation Structure
6.5.1 Selecting and Executing a Pilot
Pilot/Test Solution
Refine Solution
6.5.2 Manage and Control the Implementation
6.6 Learning from the Improvement Program
Analyze and Validate
Propose Future Actions
6.7 Exercises
7 Organization, Roles, and Skills
7.1 Organization
7.1.1 The Test Process Group (TPG)
TPG Scope
TPG Organization
Services Provided
TPG Skills
What Can Go Wrong?
7.1.2 Test Improvement with Remote, Offshore, and Outsourced Teams
Mitigating the Risks
7.2 Individual Roles and Staffing
7.2.1 The Test Process Improver
Tasks and expectations
Desired skills and qualifications
Desired experience
7.2.2 The Lead Assessor
Tasks and expectations
Required skills and qualifications
Required experience
7.2.3 The Co-Assessor
Tasks and expectations
Required skills and qualifications
Required experience
7.3 Skills of the Test Process Improver/Assessor
7.3.1 Interviewing Skills
Asking Good Questions
Applying Transactional Analysis
Getting Started, Keeping the Interview on Track, and Closing the Interview
Avoiding Codependent Behavior
Ability to Apply Emotional Intelligence
7.3.2 Listening Skills
Active Listening
Analyze Messages
7.3.3 Presentation and Reporting Skills
Knowing Your Audience
Summarizing Information
Developing Your Presentation Skills
Developing Your Reporting Skills
Developing Your Email Skills
7.3.4 Analytical Skills
7.3.5 Note-Taking Skills
7.3.6 Skills of Persuasion
The 30-Second Message
The "Push" Approach
The "Pull" Approach
7.3.7 Management Skills
7.3.8 Summary
7.4 Exercises
8 Managing Change
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview
8.2.1 The Fundamental Change Process
8.2.2 The Satir Model
8.2.3 Tipping Points and Change
The Basic Concepts
The Champions of Change
8.3 Prepare for Change
8.3.1 Establish the Need for Improvement
Disaster Strikes
You Receive Stakeholder Feedback
You See the Need Yourself
It's Your Policy
8.3.2 Create a Sense of Urgency
8.3.3 Establish the Improvement Team
Identify Champions of Change
Identify Adopters of Change
8.4 Decide What to Change
8.4.1 Establish a Vision of the Future
8.4.2 Set Specific Objectives and Align to Business Goals
8.4.3 Decide on an Implementation Strategy
8.4.4 Balance Short-Term and Longer-Term Benefits
8.5 Making Change Happen
8.5.1 Communicating for Buy-In and Understanding
8.5.2 Anticipating Chaos
8.5.3 Managing the Chaos
8.5.4 Handling Resistance to Change
8.5.5 Climbing Out of Chaos: Developing Transforming Ideas
8.6 Making Change Stick
8.6.1 Rollout of New Ideas and Practices
Influence of Communication and Personality Types
Influence of Different Learning Styles
Influence of the Test Improvement Team
8.6.2 Provide Lasting Support
8.6.3 Create a New Culture of Improvement
8.6.4 Practice Continuous Improvement Principles
8.7 Data Privacy
8.8 Exercises
9 Critical Success Factors
9.1 Critical Success Factors
9.1.1 Getting Started
9.1.2 Getting the Job Done
9.1.3 Critical Success Factors: A Case Study
Top-Down Approach: Test Policy
Top-Down Approach: Leadership
Bottom-Up Approach: The Test Managers' Meeting
Bottom-Up Approach: Everyone Involved
9.2 Setting a Culture for Improvement
9.2.1 Defining "Improvement Culture"
9.2.2 Aspects of Improvement Culture
Management Culture
Geographical Location
Attitude Toward Improvement
Organizational Relationships
Life Cycle Model
Test Strategy
Summary
9.2.3 Test Process Improvement Manifesto
Flexibility over Detailed Processes
Best Practices over Templates
Deployment Orientation over Process Orientation
Peer Reviews over Quality Assurance (Departments)
Business-Driven over Model-Driven
9.3 Exercises
10 Adapting to Different Life Cycle Models
10.1 Test Process Improvement with Different Life Cycles
Influence of Iterative and Agile Life Cycle Models on Improvement Context
Influence of Sequential Life Cycle Models on Improvement Context
Other Factors That Influence the Context of Improvement
Management Culture
Test Strategies Used and Their Influence on the Context of Improvement
Concluding Remarks
10.2 Exercises
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix B: Literature and References
B.1 Books/Journals
B.2 ISTQB Publications
B.3 Standards
B.4 Web References
Appendix C: The Syllabus Parts
Part 1: Assessing test processes
Part 2: Implementing test process improvement
Appendix D: The Exam
D.1 General Exam Aspects
Multiple-choice question component
Essay question component
Rules affecting time available
D.2 Part 1 Exam: "Assessing Test Processes"
The multiple-choice component
The essay component
D.3 Part 2 Exam: "Implementing Test Process Improvement"
The multiple-choice component
The essay component
D.4 Tips
D.5 Common Problems
Appendix E: Summary of Cognitive Levels (K-Levels)
Appendix F: Answers
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
O
P
Q
R
S
T
V
W
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