The Clash of Perceptions

Name: The Clash of Perceptions | Testing the "Clash of Civilizations"with Global Survey Data
Brand: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag
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Testing the "Clash of Civilizations"with Global Survey Data

Timo Alexander Graf(Autor*in)

Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag

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Erschienen am 1. Juli 2020

295 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Table of Contents
Foreword
I General Introduction
1. The "Clash of Civilizations"
2. Previous Empirical Tests of the "Clash of Civilizations"
3. The Need for a Re-Examination of the "Clash of Civilizations"
4. The Need for an Alternative Outcome Measure
5. The "Clash of Perceptions"
6. Research Questions
7. Methodology
7.1 Proposed Macro-Level Analysis
7.2 Proposed Micro-Level Analysis
7.3 Experiment vs. Survey: Advantages and Disadvantages
8. Goals of the Study
9. Overview of the Study
II The "Clash of Civilizations:" A Review of Theory and Evidence
1. Introduction
2. What are "Civilizations"?
2.1 Civilizations vs. Civilization: A Clarification
2.2 Civilizations: Cultures Writ Large and Imagined Communities
2.3 The Nature of Civilizational Identities
2.4 The Meaning of Civilizational Identification
2.5 Identifying Civilizations
2.6 The Structure of Civilizations
2.7 Driving Factors: Culture vs. Power
2.8 Section Summary
3. What Does Huntington Mean by "Clash"?
4. The Central Hypotheses of the "Clash of Civilizations"
4.1 The Predicted Pattern of Intercivilizational Relations
4.2 What Drives the "Clash of Civilizations" at the Macro Level?
4.3 The West versus "the Rest"?
5. Why Should Intercivilizational Relations be Prone to Conflict?
6. Previous Empirical Tests of the "Clash of Civilizations"
6.1 Clash of Civilizations?
6.2 The West versus "the Rest"?
6.3 The West versus the Islamic Civilization?
6.4 The West versus the Sinic Civilization?
6.5 Critical Summary of Previous Empirical Tests of the CoC
III Theoretical Framework: From "Clash of Civilizations" to "Clash of Perceptions"
1. Introduction
2. Why Should We Test the CoC with Perceptions as the Outcome Measure?
2.1 The "Clash of Perceptions" from Huntington's Point of View
2.2 The Limitations of Violence as an Outcome Measure
2.3 The Global Public Sphere and the Changing Nature of Public Diplomacy
2.4 The Effect of Public Opinion on (Foreign) Policy-Making
2.5 The Contextual Need for Cognitive Heuristics
2.6 Individual-Level Consequences of Out-Group Perceptions
2.7 The CoC as a Frame and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
3. Conceptualizing the Dependent Variable: Out-Group Perceptions
3.1 Stereotype Content Model
3.2 Image Theory
3.3 Comparing the Structure of Images and Stereotypes
3.4 Synthesis
4. Theoretical Framework of the Macro-Level Analysis
4.1 Huntington: The "Cultural" Factor
4.2 The "Realist" Factor: Power
4.3 The "Liberal" Factor: Joint Democracy
4.4 The "Geographical" Factor: Direct Contiguity
4.5 The "Historical" Factor: Cold War Legacy?
4.6 Integrative Model Proposed for Empirical Testing
5. Theoretical Framework of the Micro-Level Analysis
5.1 Integrated Threat Theory: Point of Departure
5.2 In-Group Identification
5.2.1 Huntington
5.2.2 Social Identity Theory
5.2.3 Social Categorization Theory
5.2.4 Uncertainty Identity Theory
5.2.5 A Word on the Salience of Civilizational Identities
5.3 The Intergroup Context
5.3.1 Stereotype Content Model
5.3.2 Image Theory
5.3.3 A Brief Comment on Image Theory and SCM
5.4 Direct Intergroup Contact
5.5 The Effect of the Mass Media
5.5.1 The Role of the Mass Media in the Sociocultural Approach to Studying Stereotypes
5.5.2 Mass Mediated Representations of Intergroup Contact as Vicarious Contact
5.5.3 The Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Mass Media
5.6 Integrative Model Proposed for Empirical Testing
IV Macro-Level Analysis: "Clash of Perceptions" at the Macro Level?
1. Introduction
2. The PEW Global Attitudes Project 2007
3. Measuring Perceptions of Foreign Countries with the GAP 2007
4. Proposed Analyses
4.1 Descriptive Analysis
4.2 Multivariate Analysis
4.3 Differences between the Descriptive and the Multivariate Analyses
5. Constructing the Dependent Variables
5.1 Descriptive Analysis
5.2 Dyadic Regression Analysis
6. Descriptive Analysis: The Nature of Intercivilizational Perceptions
6.1 The Observed Pattern of Intercivilizational Public Perceptions
6.2 "Clash of Perceptions" Without Core States?
6.3 To What Extent Was Huntington Right?
6.4 Focusing on the "Big Players"
7. Multivariate Analysis: Testing the Key Hypotheses of the CoC
7.1 Variables in the Analysis
7.1.1 Dependent Variable
7.1.2 Control Variables
7.1.2.1 Superpower Involvement
7.1.2.2 Joint Democracy
7.1.2.3 Cold War Opposition
7.1.2.4 Direct Contiguity
7.2 Testing Hypothesis 1: Clash of Civilizations?
7.2.1 Descriptive Analysis
7.2.2 Multivariate Analysis
7.3 Testing Hypothesis 2: West vs. the Rest?
7.3.1 Descriptive Analysis
7.3.2 Multivariate Analysis
7.4 Testing Hypothesis 3: West vs. Islam and West vs. Sinic?
7.4.1 Descriptive Analysis
7.4.2 Multivariate Analysis
8. Discussion of Findings
8.1 Is There a "Clash of Perceptions" Along the Lines of Huntington's CoC?
8.2 What Drives the Conflict Potential of International Public Perceptions?
8.3 Is the West the "Focal Point" of Intercivilizational Conflict?
8.4 Are Western-Islamic and Western-Sinic Perceptions Particularly Conflict-Prone?
V Micro-Level Analysis: Individual-Level Determinants of Civilizational Out-Group Images
1. Introduction
2. The Survey
2.1 Why Use Amazon MTurk?
2.2 Who Are the "Workers"?
2.3 Payment and Data Quality
2.4 Ensuring Data Quality
2.5 Structure of the Survey
3. The Sample
4. Measures
4.1 Out-Group Images
4.1.1 Operationalization
4.1.2 Model Fit and Scale Reliabilities
4.1.3 Convergent Validity
4.2 In-Group Identification
4.2.1 Operationalization
4.2.2 Model Fit and Scale Reliability
4.2.3 Convergent Validity
4.3 Direct Intergroup Contact
4.4 Perceived Cultural Distance
4.5 Perceived Relative Power
4.6 Perceived Current Intergroup Relations
4.7. Perceived Mass Mediated Image
5. Descriptive Analysis
5.1 Group Images
5.2 Identification with the Civilizational In-Group
5.3 Direct Intergroup Contact
5.4 Perceived Current Intergroup Relations
5.5 Perceived Cultural Distance
5.6 Perceived Relative Power
5.7 Perceived Mass Mediated Image
6. Multivariate Analysis
6.1 Model Fit
6.2 The Effect of In-Group Identification on Out-Group Images
6.3 The Effect of Direct Intergroup Contact on Out-Group Images
6.4 The Perceived Intergroup Context and Its Effects on Out-Group Images
6.5 The Effects of Mass Mediated Images
6.6 Explained Variance
7. Discussion of Findings
7.1 Out-Group Images Roughly Conform to Huntington's Expectations
7.2 In-Group Identification Matters But Its Effect is More Complicated than Expected
7.3 Perceived Intergroup Relations Emerge as the Strongest Predictor
7.4 Perceived Cultural Distance as an Additional Threat Assessment
7.5 Perceived Relative Power Only Affects the Images of "Poor" Out-Groups
7.6 The Effect of Intergroup Contact Matters, Most of the Time
7.7 Media Representations Matter, Especially When Direct Intergroup Contact Is Lacking
VI General Discussion and Conclusion
1. Introduction
2. Is there a "Clash of Perceptions" at the Macro Level? (Hypothesis 1)
3. Is the West the "Focal Point" of Clashing Perceptions? (Hypothesis 2)
4. Are Western-Sinic and Western-Islamic Public Perceptions Particularly Conflict-Prone? (Hypothesis 3)
5. What Determines the Conflict Potential of International Public Perceptions?
5.1. Superpower Involvement
5.2 Direct Contiguity
5.3 Joint Democracy
5.4 Cold War Legacy?
6. "Clash of Superpowers"?
7. Exploring the Social-Psychological Underpinnings of the CoC
7.1 Civilizational In-Group Identification
7.2 Perceived Intergroup Relations
7.3 Direct Intergroup Contact
7.4 Mass Mediated Images
8. Is the "Clash of Civilizations" a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
9. Practical Implications
9.1 Practical Implications for Public Diplomacy
9.1.1 US-Muslim Public Perceptions
9.1.2 China-US Public Perceptions
9.1.3 Western European Public Perceptions of China
9.1.4 Sino-Japanese Public Perceptions
9.2 Improving Images
9.2.1 Direct Intergroup Contact
9.2.2 Mass Media
10. Methodological Reflections
10.1 Using Crowdsourcing for Survey Research
10.2. The Universal Image Scale
11. Shortcomings and Suggestions for Future Research
11.1 The Time Factor
11.2 The MTurk Sample
11.3 Need for Multilevel Analyses?
11.4 Greater Complexity at the Individual Level
11.5 More Fine-Grained Analyses of Perceptions of Intergroup Conflict
11.6 More Conflict Out There?
11.7 When Direct Intergroup Contact Is Lacking: The Power of the Mass Media
References

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