A brand new edition of the definitive textbook on humankind's impact on the Earth's environment--now in full color
This classic text explores the multitude of impacts that humans have had over time upon vegetation, animals, soils, water, landforms, and the atmosphere. It considers the ways in which climate changes and modifications in land cover may change the environment in coming decades. Thoroughly revised to cover the remarkable transformation in interest that humans are having in the environment, this book examines previously uncovered topics, such as rewilding, ecosystem services, techniques for study, novel and no analogue ecosystems, and more. It also presents the latest views on big themes such as human origins, the anthropocene, domestication, extinctions, and ecological invasions.
Extensively re-written, Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Eighth Edition contains many new and updated statistical tables, figures, and references. It offers enlightening chapters that look at the past and present state of the world--examining our impact on the land itself and the creatures that inhabit it; the oceans, lakes, rivers and streams; and the climate and atmosphere. The book also takes a deep look at our future impact on the planet and its resources--our affect on the coastal environments, the cryosphere and the drylands, as well as the hydrological and geomorphological impacts.
* Fully updated to take account of recent advances in our understanding of global warming and other phenomena
* Offers current opinions on such topics as human origins, the anthropocene, domestication, extinctions, and ecological invasions
* Features a full-color presentation to allow for more and clearer photographs and diagrams
* Contains more international case studies than previous editions to balance UK examples
Human Impact on the Natural Environment is essential reading for undergraduates in geography and environmental science, and for those who want a thorough, wide-ranging and balanced overview of the impacts of humans upon natural processes and systems from the Stone Age to the Anthropocene and who wish to understand the major environmental issues that concern the human race at the present time.
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Sprache
Dateigröße
ISBN-13
978-1-119-40392-0 (9781119403920)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright [Seite 6]
4 - Contents [Seite 7]
5 - Preface to the Eighth Edition [Seite 13]
6 - About the Companion Website [Seite 15]
7 - Chapter 1 Introduction [Seite 17]
7.1 - 1.1 The Development of Ideas [Seite 17]
7.2 - 1.2 The Anthropocene [Seite 21]
7.3 - 1.3 The Development of Human Population and Stages of Cultural Development [Seite 22]
7.4 - 1.4 Hunting and Gathering [Seite 26]
7.5 - 1.5 Humans as Cultivators and Keepers [Seite 28]
7.6 - 1.6 Mining and Metals [Seite 34]
7.7 - 1.7 Modern Industrial and Urban Civilizations [Seite 35]
7.8 - 1.8 The Great Acceleration [Seite 37]
7.9 - 1.9 Methods of Study [Seite 40]
7.10 - Guide to Reading [Seite 41]
8 - Chapter 2 The Human Impact on Vegetation [Seite 43]
8.1 - 2.1 Human Impacts on Nature [Seite 43]
8.2 - 2.2 Vegetation Change: Introduction [Seite 44]
8.3 - 2.3 The Use of Fire [Seite 48]
8.4 - 2.4 Fires: Natural and Anthropogenic [Seite 50]
8.5 - 2.5 Some Consequences of Fire Suppression [Seite 50]
8.6 - 2.6 Some Effects of Fire on Vegetation [Seite 51]
8.7 - 2.7 The Role of Grazing [Seite 53]
8.8 - 2.8 Deforestation [Seite 55]
8.9 - 2.9 Tropical Forests [Seite 56]
8.10 - 2.10 The Forest Transition [Seite 61]
8.11 - 2.11 Secondary Rain Forest [Seite 64]
8.12 - 2.12 The Human Role in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna [Seite 65]
8.13 - 2.13 The Spread of Desert Vegetation on Desert Margins [Seite 68]
8.14 - 2.14 The Maquis of the Mediterranean Lands [Seite 72]
8.15 - 2.15 The Prairies and Other Mid?latitude and High?altitude Grasslands [Seite 72]
8.16 - 2.16 Post?glacial Vegetational Change in Britain and Europe [Seite 75]
8.17 - 2.17 Lowland Heaths [Seite 76]
8.18 - 2.18 Introduction, Invasion, and Explosion [Seite 77]
8.19 - 2.19 Air Pollution and Its Effects on Plants [Seite 81]
8.20 - 2.20 Forest Decline [Seite 83]
8.21 - 2.21 Miscellaneous Causes of Plant Decline [Seite 86]
8.22 - 2.22 The Change in Genetic and Species Diversity [Seite 87]
8.23 - 2.23 Conclusion: Threats to Plant Life [Seite 88]
8.24 - Guide to Reading [Seite 88]
9 - Chapter 3 The Human Impact on Animals [Seite 91]
9.1 - 3.1 Domestication of Animals [Seite 91]
9.2 - 3.2 Dispersal and Invasions of Animals [Seite 92]
9.3 - 3.3 Human Influence on the Expansion of Animal Populations [Seite 98]
9.4 - 3.4 Causes of Animal Contractions and Decline: Pollution [Seite 102]
9.5 - 3.5 Habitat Change and Animal Decline [Seite 105]
9.6 - 3.6 Other Causes of Animal Decline [Seite 109]
9.7 - 3.7 Animal Extinctions in Prehistoric Times [Seite 114]
9.8 - 3.8 Modern?day Extinctions [Seite 118]
9.9 - Guide to Reading [Seite 124]
10 - Chapter 4 The Human Impact on the Soil [Seite 127]
10.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 127]
10.2 - 4.2 Salinity: Natural Sources [Seite 128]
10.3 - 4.3 Human Agency and Increased Salinity [Seite 128]
10.4 - 4.4 Irrigation Salinity [Seite 129]
10.5 - 4.5 Dryland Salinity [Seite 130]
10.6 - 4.6 Urban Salinity [Seite 132]
10.7 - 4.7 Inter?basin Water Transfers [Seite 132]
10.8 - 4.8 Coastal Zone Salinity [Seite 132]
10.9 - 4.9 Consequences of Salinity [Seite 134]
10.10 - 4.10 Reclamation of Salt?affected Lands [Seite 134]
10.11 - 4.11 Lateritization [Seite 136]
10.12 - 4.12 Accelerated Podzolization and Acidification [Seite 137]
10.13 - 4.13 Soil Carbon [Seite 138]
10.14 - 4.14 Soil Structure Alteration [Seite 139]
10.15 - 4.15 Soil Drainage and its Impact [Seite 141]
10.16 - 4.16 Soil Fertilization [Seite 142]
10.17 - 4.17 Fires and Soil Quality [Seite 142]
10.18 - 4.18 Some Anthrosols Resulting from Agriculture and Urbanization [Seite 143]
10.19 - 4.19 Soil Erosion: General Considerations [Seite 143]
10.20 - 4.20 The Causes of Soil Erosion [Seite 144]
10.21 - 4.21 Forest Removal [Seite 145]
10.22 - 4.22 Soil Erosion Associated with Grazing [Seite 148]
10.23 - 4.23 Irrigation and Erosion [Seite 148]
10.24 - 4.24 Replacement of Grassland by Shrubland in Drylands [Seite 149]
10.25 - 4.25 Soil Erosion Produced by Fire [Seite 149]
10.26 - 4.26 Soil Erosion Associated with Construction and Urbanization [Seite 150]
10.27 - 4.27 Long?term Studies of Rates of Erosion [Seite 150]
10.28 - 4.28 Peat Bog Erosion [Seite 153]
10.29 - 4.29 Accelerated Wind Erosion [Seite 154]
10.30 - 4.30 Soil Conservation [Seite 156]
10.31 - 4.31 Soils, Microbiology, and the Earth System [Seite 159]
10.32 - Guide to Reading [Seite 160]
11 - Chapter 5 The Human Impact on the Waters [Seite 161]
11.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 161]
11.2 - 5.2 Deliberate Modification of River Systems Connectivity [Seite 162]
11.3 - 5.3 Changes in River Flow [Seite 170]
11.3.1 - 5.3.1 The Effects of Dams [Seite 170]
11.3.2 - 5.3.2 Vegetation Modification and its Effect on River Flow [Seite 170]
11.3.3 - 5.3.3 The Role of Invasive Plants [Seite 174]
11.3.4 - 5.3.4 Land Drainage [Seite 174]
11.3.5 - 5.3.5 Groundwater Exploitation [Seite 176]
11.3.6 - 5.3.6 Urbanization and its Effects on River Flow [Seite 176]
11.4 - 5.4 The Human Impact on Lake Levels [Seite 178]
11.5 - 5.5 Changes in Groundwater Conditions [Seite 184]
11.6 - 5.6 Water Pollution [Seite 187]
11.7 - 5.7 Eutrophication [Seite 193]
11.8 - 5.8 Pollution by Acid Rain [Seite 194]
11.9 - 5.9 Deforestation and its Effects on Water Quality [Seite 196]
11.10 - 5.10 Thermal Pollution [Seite 197]
11.11 - 5.11 Pollution with Suspended Sediments [Seite 198]
11.12 - 5.12 Marine Pollution [Seite 198]
11.13 - Guide to Reading [Seite 201]
12 - Chapter 6 Human Agency in Geomorphology [Seite 203]
12.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 203]
12.2 - 6.2 Landforms Produced by Excavation [Seite 204]
12.3 - 6.3 Landforms Produced by Construction and Dumping [Seite 208]
12.4 - 6.4 Ground Subsidence [Seite 208]
12.5 - 6.5 The Human Impact on Seismicity and Volcanoes [Seite 214]
12.6 - 6.6 Accelerated Sedimentation [Seite 216]
12.7 - 6.7 Sediment Transport by Rivers [Seite 219]
12.8 - 6.8 Deliberate Modification of Channels [Seite 221]
12.9 - 6.9 Non?deliberate River Channel Changes [Seite 224]
12.10 - 6.10 Arroyo Trenching and Gullies [Seite 229]
12.11 - 6.11 Accelerated Mass Movements [Seite 232]
12.12 - 6.12 Accelerated Weathering and the Tufa Decline [Seite 235]
12.13 - 6.13 Reactivation and Stabilization of Sand Dunes [Seite 236]
12.14 - 6.14 Accelerated Coastal Erosion [Seite 239]
12.15 - 6.15 Changing Rates of Salt Marsh Accretion [Seite 245]
12.16 - Guide to Reading [Seite 247]
13 - Chapter 7 The Human Impact on Climate and the Atmosphere [Seite 249]
13.1 - 7.1 World Climates [Seite 249]
13.2 - 7.2 The Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide [Seite 251]
13.3 - 7.3 Other Gases [Seite 252]
13.4 - 7.4 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change [Seite 255]
13.5 - 7.5 Aerosols [Seite 255]
13.6 - 7.6 Global Dimming and Global Brightening [Seite 257]
13.7 - 7.7 Vegetation and Albedo Change [Seite 258]
13.8 - 7.8 Forests, Irrigation, and Climate [Seite 260]
13.9 - 7.9 The Possible Effects of Water Diversion Schemes [Seite 260]
13.10 - 7.10 Lakes and Climate [Seite 261]
13.11 - 7.11 Urban Climates [Seite 261]
13.12 - 7.12 Deliberate Climatic Modification [Seite 266]
13.13 - 7.13 Geoengineering [Seite 268]
13.14 - 7.14 Urban Air Pollution [Seite 268]
13.15 - 7.15 Air Pollution: Some Further Effects [Seite 272]
13.16 - 7.16 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion [Seite 279]
13.17 - 7.17 Conclusions [Seite 281]
13.18 - Guide to Reading [Seite 282]
14 - Chapter 8 The Future: Introduction [Seite 283]
14.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 283]
14.2 - 8.2 Changes in the biosphere [Seite 287]
14.3 - 8.3 Climate and geomorphology [Seite 294]
14.4 - Guide to Reading [Seite 298]
15 - Chapter 9 The Future: Coastal Environments [Seite 299]
15.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 299]
15.2 - 9.2 The Steric Effect [Seite 300]
15.3 - 9.3 Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea?Level Change [Seite 300]
15.3.1 - 9.3.1 Reduction in Lake?Water Volumes [Seite 300]
15.3.2 - 9.3.2 Water Impoundment in Reservoirs [Seite 301]
15.3.3 - 9.3.3 Groundwater Mining [Seite 301]
15.3.4 - 9.3.4 Urbanization and Runoff [Seite 301]
15.3.5 - 9.3.5 Deforestation and Runoff [Seite 301]
15.3.6 - 9.3.6 Wetland Losses [Seite 301]
15.3.7 - 9.3.7 Irrigation [Seite 302]
15.3.8 - 9.3.8 Synthesis [Seite 302]
15.4 - 9.4 Permafrost Degradation, Melting of Glaciers, and Sea?Level Rise [Seite 302]
15.5 - 9.5 Ice Sheets and Sea?Level Rise [Seite 302]
15.6 - 9.6 How Fast are Sea Levels Rising? [Seite 303]
15.7 - 9.7 The Amount of Sea?Level Rise By 2100 [Seite 303]
15.8 - 9.8 Land Subsidence [Seite 303]
15.9 - 9.9 Coral Reefs [Seite 305]
15.10 - 9.10 Salt Marshes and Mangrove Swamps [Seite 308]
15.11 - 9.11 River Deltas [Seite 312]
15.12 - 9.12 Estuaries [Seite 313]
15.13 - 9.13 Cliffed coasts [Seite 314]
15.14 - 9.14 Sandy Beaches [Seite 314]
15.15 - 9.15 Conclusions [Seite 316]
15.16 - Guide to Reading [Seite 316]
16 - Chapter 10 The Future: Hydrological and Geomorphological Impacts [Seite 317]
16.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 317]
16.2 - 10.2 Rainfall Intensity [Seite 318]
16.3 - 10.3 Changes in Tropical Cyclones [Seite 318]
16.4 - 10.4 Runoff Response [Seite 320]
16.5 - 10.5 Cold Regions [Seite 321]
16.6 - 10.6 Changes in Runoff in the UK [Seite 323]
16.7 - 10.7 Europe [Seite 323]
16.8 - 10.8 Geomorphological Consequences of Hydrological and Other Changes [Seite 325]
16.9 - 10.9 Weathering [Seite 326]
16.10 - Guide to Reading [Seite 327]
17 - Chapter 11 The Future: The Cryosphere [Seite 329]
17.1 - 11.1 The nature of the cryosphere [Seite 329]
17.2 - 11.2 The Polar Ice Sheets and Ice Caps [Seite 329]
17.3 - 11.3 Valley Glaciers and Small Ice Caps [Seite 332]
17.4 - 11.4 Predicted Rates of Glacier Retreat and Some Environmental Consequences [Seite 336]
17.5 - 11.5 Sea Ice in the Arctic and Antarctic [Seite 338]
17.6 - 11.6 Permafrost Regions [Seite 339]
17.7 - Guide to Reading [Seite 344]
18 - Chapter 12 The Future: Drylands [Seite 345]
18.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 345]
18.2 - 12.2 Climate Changes in the Past [Seite 346]
18.3 - 12.3 Future Changes in Climate in Drylands [Seite 347]
18.4 - 12.4 Wind Erosivity and Erodibility [Seite 348]
18.5 - 12.5 Future Dust Storm Activity [Seite 349]
18.6 - 12.6 Sand Dunes [Seite 350]
18.7 - 12.7 Rainfall and Runoff [Seite 353]
18.8 - 12.8 Lake Levels [Seite 354]
18.9 - 12.9 Sea?level Rise and Arid?zone Coastlines [Seite 354]
18.10 - 12.10 Salt Weathering and Salinization [Seite 355]
18.11 - Guide to Reading [Seite 356]
19 - Chapter 13 Conclusion [Seite 357]
19.1 - 13.1 The Power of Non?industrial and Pre?industrial Civilizations [Seite 357]
19.2 - 13.2 The Proliferation of Impacts [Seite 358]
19.3 - 13.3 The Inter?relationships of Changes in the Earth System [Seite 362]
19.4 - 13.4 Human Impacts on the Environment in China [Seite 364]
19.5 - 13.5 Are Changes Reversible? [Seite 365]
19.6 - 13.6 The Susceptibility to Change [Seite 370]
19.7 - 13.7 Human Influence or Nature? [Seite 372]
19.8 - 13.8 Global Warming and Other Pressures [Seite 373]
19.9 - 13.9 Into the Unknown [Seite 374]
19.10 - Guide to Reading [Seite 375]
20 - References [Seite 377]
21 - Index [Seite 467]
22 - EULA [Seite 475]
