List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Latin Symbols

A Cross-sectional area m2 2, 6 Ab Bubbling area m2 3 Ac Column cross-sectional area m2 3 a Specific surface area m2/m3 6 aDC Relative downcomer area m2/m2 5 ae Effective special interfacial area for mass transfer m2/m3 7 aP Specific packing area m2/m3 7 Molar bottoms flow-rate kmol/s 1 B11 Second virial coefficient m3/mol 10 Ca Capillary number – 7 CBA Ward tray capacity factor m/s 5 CD Discharge coefficient – 5 i,IL? Capacity of solvent i in IL – 10 CO Orifice coefficient – 7 CL Liquid capacity factor m/s 3, 5 CV Vapor capacity factor m/s 3, 5 CV Coefficient of variation – 3 cp Specific heat capacity HJ/Kg °C 2 D Overhead mass flow rate Kg/H 2 D Diameter m 2 Molar distillate flow-rate kmol/s 1 DC Column diameter m 6 DO Orifice diameter m 7 d Diameter m 6 dh Hole diameter m 6, 7 dP Packing diameter m 5 dS Sauter diameter m 6 E Energy kJ 6 EO Overall tray efficiency % 3 EOC Overall column efficiency % 3, 5 F F-factor Pa0.5 3, 7 Molar feed flow-rate kmol/s 1 FP Packing factor 1/m 2, 5 fi Fugacity of component i Pa 10 E Free excess energy J 10 Table Continued G Gravitational acceleration m/s2 6, 7 H Enthalpy MJ/kg 2 E Excess enthalpie J 10 Hi Henry constant Pa 10 h Height/depth m 2, 3, 7 hcl Clear liquid height on a tray m 6, 7 hDC Downcomer backup m 2, 3 hf Froth height m 3 hi Specific enthalpy of stream/phase i kJ/kg 2, 3 hLTU Height of liquid-side transfer unit m 7 hV,ref Vapor enthalpy at the reference point kJ/kg 3 hVTU Height of vapor-side transfer unit m 7 hW Enthalpy of cooling water kJ/kg 3 I Radiation intensity of the detector eV 2, 3 I0 Radiation intensity of the source eV 2, 3 KC Proportional gain, tuning parameter of a controller – 1 Ki Phase ratio – 10 KU Ultimate gain, tuning parameter of a controller – 1 k Equilibrium factor – 6 kL Liquid mass transfer coefficient m/s 7 kV Vapor mass transfer coefficient m/s 7 L Liquid flow rate kg/s, kmol/s 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 M Mass flow rate kg/h 2 ?i Mass flow rate of component or stream i kg/s 2, 3 Na Number of actual stages/trays – 3 Ndrip Number of drip points 1/m2 7 Nt Number of theoretical stages/trays – 3, 6 ?i Mole flow rate of component or stream i kmol/s 3 ni Number of moles mol 10 PU Ultimate period s 1 p Pressure Pa (bar) 1, 6, 7, 10 0,iLV Vapor pressure of component i Pa 10 ?p Pressure drop Pa 2, 3, 6, 7 ?pflood Flood pressure drop, mm water per m of packing height – 2 ?pdt Dry tray pressure drop Pa 6 ? Duty W or HW 1, 2, 3 R Reflux mass flow rate kg/h 2 R Gas constant J/mol k 10 Molar reflux flow-rate kmol/s 1 Table Continued RR Reflux ratio (ratio of reflux to distillate) – 1, 4 S Stripping factor – 3, 5, 6 Stream flow-rate kmol/s 1 E Excess entropy J/K 10 SF System Factor – 5 T Absolute temperature K, (°C) 1, 7, 10 T Temperature °C 2 ?T Temperature difference K 6 Tb Boiling temperature, boiling...