The Mechanical Patient

Author 1 Introduction 2 Aristotle and a Good Life Aristotle (384-322 BC) How Aristotle's Ideas Can Help Us Understand More about Health 3 Galen's Four Humors: The First Medical Model Galen (AD 129-c.210) 4 The Renaissance and Roots of the Mechanical Patient, Paracelsus (1493-1541) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) William Harvey (1578-1657) Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827) 5 Robert Boyle: The First Mechanical Patient Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Boyle and Samuel Hartlib Boyle and George Starkey (1628-1665) Boyle and William Petty (1623-1687) Boyle and John Wilkins (1614-1672) Boyle and Thomas Willis (1621-1675) Boyle and Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Boyle and Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Boyle and Arthur Coga (1631-1691) Boyle and John Locke (1632-1704) Boyle and Isaac Newton (1642-1727) 6 The Story of Scurvy and the First Failed Controlled Trial George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (1697-1762) James Lind (1716-1794) James Cook (1728-1779) John Pringle (1707-1782) Sir Gilbert Blane (1749-1834) Almroth Wright (1861-1947) Axel Holst (1860-1931) and Theodor Frolich (1870-1947) Ancel Keys (1904-2004) 7 Surgery and the Mechanical Patient John Hunter (1728-1793) Fanny Burney (1772-1840) Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) Abraham Flexner (1866-1959) The Mechanical Patient in the Modern Hospital Nurses in the Modern Hospital Lili Elbe (1882-1931) Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001) Surgical Techniques PROMs 8 Medicine and the Chemical Patient Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Robert Koch (1843-1910), Ferdinand Cohn (1829-1898), and Maurice Hilleman (1919-2005) Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary) (1869-1938) Charles Best (1899-1978), Sir Frederick Banting (1891-1941), and James Collip (1892-1965) The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) and Ethics Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), Howard Florey (1898-1968), and Ernst Chain (1906-1979) Henrietta Lacks (1920-1951) Ali Maow Maalin (1954-2013) Sam Wagstaff (1921-1987) and Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-1989) Brenda Zimmermann (1956-2014) 9 Genetics and the Return of Individualized Medicine Charles Darwin (1809-1882) An Aside on the Evolution of Human Consciousness Francis Galton (1822-1911) Wilhelm Beiglboeck (1905-1963), Karl Brandt(1904-1948), and Josef Mengele (1911-1979) Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958), Francis Crick (1916-2004), and James Watson (1928-) Herbert Boyer (1936-) and Stanley Cohen (1935-) Charles DeLisi (1941-), Pete Domenici (1932-), and Craig Venter (1946-) Angelina Jolie (1975-) Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968-) and Jennifer Doudna (1964-) 10 The Great Mortality Shift Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) John Snow (1813-1858) Joseph Bazalgette (1818-1891) John Simon (1816-1876) Aneurin Bevan (1897-1960) Rachel Carson (1907-1964) Thomas McKeown (1912-1988) Hubert Laframboise (1924-1991) and Marc Lalonde (1929-) 11 Humanizing Health: The Social/Relational Person The Great Chain of Being Voltaire (1694-1778), Rousseau (1712-1778),Diderot (1713-1784), and Hume (1711-1776) The Enlightenment and Reform James Edward Oglethorpe (1696-1785) Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Richard Wilkinson (1943-) Michael Marmot (1945-) Amartya Sen (1933-) Thomas Piketty (1971-) Finding a More Human Model of Health Bibliography Index