Combustion

Chemical Thermodynamics and Flame Temperatures: Introduction. Heats of Reaction and Formation. Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constants. Flame Temperature Calculations. Analysis. Practical Considerations. Problems. References. Chemical Kinetics: Introduction. The Rates of Reactions and Their Temperature Dependency. The Arrhenius Rate Expression. Transition State and Recombination Rate Theories. Simultaneous Interdependent Reactions. Chain Reactions. Pseudo-First-Order Reactions and the"Fall-Off"Range. The Partial Equilibrium Assumption. Pressure Effect in Fractional Conversion. Problems. References. Explosive and General Oxidative Characteristics of Fuels: Introduction. Chain Branching Reactions and Criteria for Explosion. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Hydrogen. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Hydrocarbons. Organic Nomenclature. Explosion Limits."Low-Temperature"Hydrocarbon Oxidation Mechanisms. The Oxidation of Aldehydes. The Oxidation of Methane. Low Temperature Mechanism. High Temperature Mechanism. The Oxidation of Higher Order Hydrocarbons. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. Alcohols. Aromatic Hydrocarbons.Problems. References. Flame Phenomena in Premixed Combustible Gases: Introduction. Laminar Flame Structure. The Laminar Flame Speed. The Theory of Mallard And Le Chatelier. Comprehensive Theory And Laminar Flame Structure Analysis. The Laminar Flameand The Energy Equation. Flame Speed Measurements. Experimental Results--Physical and Chemical Effects. Stability Limits of Laminar Flames. Flammability Limits. Quenching Distance. Flame Stabilization (Low Velocity). Stability Limits and Design. Turbulent Reacting Flows and Turbulent Flames. The Rate of Reaction in a Turbulent Field. Regimes of Turbulent Reacting Flows. The Turbulent Flame Speed. Stirred Reactor Theory. Flame Stabilization in High-Velocity Streams. Problems. References. Detonation:Introduction. Premixed and Diffusion Flames. Explosion, Deflagration, and Detonation. The Onset of Detonation. Detonation Phenomena. Hugoniot Relations and the Hydrodynamic Theory of Detonations. Characterization of the Hugoniot Curve and the Uniquenessof the ChapmanJouguet Point. Determination of the Speed of Sound in the Burned Gases for Conditions Above the ChapmanJouguet Point. Calculation of the Detonation Velocity. Comparison of Detonation Velocity Calculations with Experimental Results. The Structure of the Cellular Detonation Front and Other Detonation Phenomena Parameters. The Cellular Detonation Front. The Dynamic Detonation Parameters. Detonation Limits. Detonations in Non-Gaseous Media. Problems. References. Diffusion Flames: Introduction. Gaseous Fuel Jets. Appearance. Structure. Theoretical Considerations. The BurkeSchumann Development. Turbulent Fuel Jets. Burning of Condensed Phases. General Mass Burning Considerations and the Evaporation Coefficient. Single FuelDroplets in Quiescent Atmospheres. Burning of Droplet Clouds. Burning in Convective Atmospheres. The Stagnant Film Case. The Longitudinally Burning Surface. The Flowing Droplet Case. Burning Rates of Plastics; The Small B Assumption And Radiation Effects.Problems. References. Ignition: Concepts. Chain Spontaneous Ignition. Thermal Spontaneous Ignition. Semenov Approach to Thermal Ignition. FrankKamenetskii Theory of Thermal Ignition. Forced Ignition. Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy. Ignition by Adiabatic Compression and Shock Waves. Problems. References. Environmental Combustion Considerations: Introduction. The Nature of Photochemical Smog. Primary and Secondary Pollutants. The Effect of NoX. The Effect of SoX. Formation and Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides. The Structure of the Nitrogen Oxide. The Effect of Flame Structure. Reaction Mechanisms of Oxides of Nitrogen. SOX Emissions. The Product Composition and Structure of Sulfur Compounds. Oxidative Mechanisms of Sulfur Fuels. Particulate Formation.