Klystrons, Traveling Wave Tubes, Magnetrons, Crossed-Field Amplifiers, and Gyrotrons

Name: Klystrons, Traveling Wave Tubes, Magnetrons, Crossed-Field Amplifiers, and Gyrotrons
Brand: Artech House
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A. S. Gilmour Jr.(Autor*in)

Artech House (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 1. Januar 2011

864 Seiten

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978-1-60807-185-2 (ISBN)

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Intro
Klystrons,Traveling Wave Tubes, Magnetrons,Crossed-Field Amplifiers, and Gyrotrons
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 THE MICROWAVE SPECTRUM
1.2 THE DOMAIN OF MICROWAVE TUBES
1.3 CLASSICAL MICROWAVE TUBE TYPES
1.4 OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK
REFERENCES
Chapter 2 Static Fields Produced by Electrons
2.1 ELECTRIC FIELD
2.2 MAGNETIC FIELD
Chapter 3 Electron Motion in Static Electric Fields
3.1 MOTION PARALLEL TO FIELD
3.2 RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY CORRECTIONS
3.3 ELECTRIC LENSES
3.4 UNIVERSAL BEAM SPREAD CURVE
Chapter 4 Influence of Magnetic Field on Electron Motion
4.1 ELECTRON MOTION IN A STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD
4.2 ELECTRON MOTION IN COMBINED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
4.2.1 Perpendicular Fields in Rectangular Coordinates
4.2.2 Axially Symmetric Fields
Chapter 5 Thermionic Cathodes
5.1 EMISSION MECHANISMS
5.1.1 Thermionic Emission [3, 4]
5.1.2 Schottky Effect
5.1.3 Field Emission
5.1.4 Space Charge Limitation [6, 7]
5.2 EVOLUTION OF THERMIONIC CATHODES
5.3 IMPREGNATED DISPENSER CATHODES
5.3.1 Fabrication
5.3.2 Operation
5.3.3 Miram Curves
5.3.4 Work Function Distribution
5.4 LIFE CONSIDERATIONS
5.4.1 Grant and Falce Life Prediction Model
5.4.2 Longo Life Prediction Model
5.5 DISPENSER CATHODE SURFACE PHYSICS
5.6 HEATERS
5.6.1 Conventional Heater Assemblies [33]
5.6.2 Fast Warm-Up Heaters
5.6.3 Heater Testing
5.6.4 Effect of Filament Magnetic Field
REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Electron Guns
6.1 PIERCE GUNS
6.1.1 Focus Electrodes for Parallel Flow
6.1.2 Focus Electrodes for Convergent Flow
6.1.3 Defocusing Effect of Anode Aperture
6.1.4 Formation of Minimum Beam Diameter
6.1.5 Thermal Velocity Effects
6.1.6 Effects of Patchy Emission and Cathode Roughness
6.2 BEAM CONTROL TECHNIQUES
6.2.1 Cathode Pulsing
6.2.2 Control Focus Electrodes
6.2.3 Modulating Anode
6.2.4 Grids
6.2.5 Summary of Beam Control Electrode Characteristics
REFERENCES
Chapter 7 Electron Beams
7.1 OVERVIEW OF UNIFORM-FIELD FOCUSING
7.1.1 Brillouin Flow
7.1.2 Scalloping
7.1.3 Confined (Immersed) Flow
7.2 UNIFORM-FIELD FOCUSING AND LAMINAR FLOW
7.2.1 The Beam Equation
7.2.2 Brillouin Flow
7.2.3 Confined (Immersed) Flow
7.3 UNIFORM-FIELD FOCUSING AND NONLAMINAR FLOW
7.4 FOCUSING WITH PERMANENT MAGNETS
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Laminar Flow, No Cathode Flux
7.4.3 Laminar Flow with Cathode Flux
7.4.4 Nonlaminar Flow
7.5 ION EFFECTS IN ELECTRON BEAMS
7.5.1 Examples of Ion Effects
7.5.2 Gas Sources
7.5.3 Ionization
7.5.4 Potential Depression in an Electron Beam
7.5.5 Steady State Effects of Ionization
7.5.6 Low-Frequency Instabilities
7.5.7 High-Frequency Instabilities
REFERENCES
Chapter 8 Beam-Gap Interactions
8.1 BEAM MODULATION
8.1.1 Gridded (Planar) Gaps
8.1.2 Gridless (Nonplanar) Gaps
8.2 CURRENT INDUCTION
8.2.1 Gridded (Planar) Gaps
8.2.2 Gridless (Nonplanar) Gaps
8.3 BEAM LOADING
REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Electron Bunching Produced by a Gap
9.1 BALLISTIC BUNCHING
9.2 BUNCHING WITH SPACE CHARGE FORCES
9.3 LARGE SIGNAL EFFECTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Basic Klystrons and Their Operation
10.1 THE INVENTION AND BASIC OPERATION OF THE KLYSTRON
10.2 KLYSTRON CAVITIES
10.2.1 Cavity Operation
10.2.2 Power Coupling
10.2.3 Tuners
10.2.4 Equivalent Circuits and Circuit Parameters [5]
10.2.5 RF Cavity Losses
10.3 SMALL SIGNAL OPERATION [5]
10.3.1 Load Representation
10.3.2 Gain Calculation
10.4 POWER OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
10.4.1 Tuning of Conventional Klystrons
10.4.2 Transfer Characteristics
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 Special-Purpose Klystrons
11.1 HIGH-EFFICIENCY KLYSTRONS
11.2 HIGH-POWER KLYSTRONS
11.2.1 Limits on Beam Voltage
11.2.2 Limits on Beam Current
11.2.3 Estimate of Obtainable Power
11.3 BROADBAND KLYSTRONS
11.3.1 Driver Sections
11.3.2 Output Sections
11.4 MULTIPLE BEAM KLYSTRONS
11.5 EXTENDED INTERACTION KLYSTRONS
11.6 REFLEX KLYSTRONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 12 Traveling Wave Tubes
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.1.1 Early History of the TWT [1]
12.1.2 Basic Operation of the TWT
12.2 TRAVELING WAVE INTERACTION
12.2.1 RF Current in a Beam
12.2.2 Circuit Equation
12.2.3 The Determinantal Equation
12.2.4 Synchronous Operation
12.2.5 Nonsynchronous Operation
12.2.6 Effect of Circuit Loss
12.2.7 Effect of Space Charge
12.3 HIGH-LEVEL INTERACTION
12.3.1 Discussion of Interactions
12.3.2 Estimates of Maximum Efficiency
12.3.3 Comment on Computer Modeling
12.3.4 Velocity Tapering
REFERENCES
Chapter 13 Wave Velocities and Dispersion
13.1 GROUP AND PHASE VELOCITY
13.2 DISPERSION
13.2.1 Coaxial Transmission Line
13.2.2 Rectangular Waveguide
13.2.3 Periodically Loaded Waveguide
Chapter 14 Helix TWTs
14.1 BANDWIDTH
14.1.1 Dispersion
14.1.2 Dispersion Control
14.2 GAIN
14.2.1 Transitions
14.2.2 Attenuators and Severs
14.3 POWER
14.3.1 Peak Power
14.3.2 Average Power
14.4 EFFICIENCY
14.5 DUAL-MODE OPERATION
14.6 MICROWAVE POWER MODULES [15]
14.7 RING BAR and RING LOOP TWTs
REFERENCES
Chapter 15 Coupled-Cavity TWTs
15.1 BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES
15.2 COUPLED-CAVITY STRUCTURES
15.2.1 Waveguide Approach
15.2.2 Curnow-Gittins Equivalent Circuit Approach
15.2.3 Example of an Application of the Curnow-Gittins Circuit
15.3 FUNDAMENTAL BACKWARD WAVE OPERATION
15.4 FUNDAMENTAL FORWARD WAVE OPERATION
15.5 TERMINATIONS AND TRANSITIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 16 Collectors
16.1 POWER DISSIPATION [1]
16.2 POWER RECOVERY
16.2.1 Power Flow
16.2.2 Power Recovery with a Depressed Collector
16.2.3 Electron Energy Distribution
16.2.4 Spent Beam Power
16.2.5 Effect of Body Current [6]
16.2.6 Multistage Depressed Collectors
16.2.7 Secondary Electrons in Depressed Collectors
16.3 COLLECTOR COOLING [1]
16.3.1 Conduction Cooling
16.3.2 Convection Cooling
16.3.3 Forced-Air Cooling
16.3.4 Forced-Flow Liquid Cooling
16.3.5 Vapor Phase Cooling
16.3.6 Radiation Cooling
REFERENCES
Chapter 17 Crossed-Field Tubes
17.1 BASIC CONFIGURATION OF CROSSED-FIELD TUBES
17.2 ELECTRON FLOW WITH NO RF FIELDS
REFERENCE
Chapter 18 Cathodes for Crossed-Field Tubes
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY EMISSION
18.2.1 Energy of Impacting Primary Electrons
18.2.2 Angle of Incidence of Primary Electrons
18.2.3 Secondary Emitting Properties of Surfaces
18.2.4 Energy Distribution of Secondary Electrons
18.2.5 Modeling of Secondary Emission Characteristics
18.3 OPERATION OF CATHODES IN CROSSED-FIELD DEVICES
REFERENCES
Chapter 19 Magnetrons
19.1 TYPES OF MAGNETRONS
19.1.1 Cyclotron-Frequency Magnetrons
19.1.2 Negative-Resistance Magnetrons
19.1.3 Traveling Wave Magnetrons
19.2 OPERATION OF THE TRAVELING WAVE MAGNETRON
19.2.1 Hub Formation
19.2.2 The Hartree Voltage
19.2.3 Spoke Formation
19.2.4 RF Circuit Operation
19.3 MODING
19.4 COAXIAL MAGNETRONS [11]
19.5 INVERTED MAGNETRONS
19.6 MAGNETRON TUNING
19.7 OUTPUT COUPLERS AND TRANSFORMERS
19.8 CATHODE AND HEATER OPERATION
19.9 PERFORMANCE
19.9.1 Voltage-Current Characteristic
19.9.2 Frequency Pushing
19.9.3 Frequency Pulling
19.9.4 Thermal Drift
19.10 APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETRONS
19.10.1 Conventional Magnetrons
19.10.2 Frequency Agile Magnetrons [1, 14]
19.10.3 Signal Injected Magnetrons
19.10.4 Beacon Magnetrons
19.10.5 Microwave Oven Magnetrons
19.10.6 Industrial Heating Magnetrons
19.10.7 Low-Noise Magnetrons
19.10.8 Relativistic Magnetrons
19.11 SUMMARY OF POWER CAPABILITIES
REFERENCES
Chapter 20 Crossed-Field Amplifiers
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.1.1 Injected-Beam CFAs
20.1.2 Distributed Emission CFAs [3]
20.2 CFA OPERATION
20.2.1 Electron Emission and Hub Formation
20.2.2 Spoke Formation and Growth
20.3 CFA SLOW WAVE CIRCUITS
20.4 CFA PERFORMANCE
20.4.1 Forward Wave CFAs
20.4.2 Backward Wave CFAs
20.4.3 DC Operation
20.4.4 Gain and Operating Limits
20.4.5 CFA Phase Characteristics
20.4.6 Weight and Size Considerations
20.5 POWER CAPABILITIES
20.6 THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS
20.7 CFA POWER SUPPLY CONSIDERATIONS [8]
20.7.1 DC-Operated Supplies
20.7.2 Cathode Pulsing Supplies
REFERENCES
Chapter 21 Gyrotrons
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 BASIC INTERACTION MECHANISM
21.3 MIG CONFIGURATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
21.3.1 MIG Configurations
21.3.2 First-Order Design Procedure
21.3.3 MIG Performance
21.4 BEAM-WAVE INTERACTION
21.4.1 Hollow Cavities
21.4.2 Coaxial Cavities
21.4.3 Mode Converters [24, 25]
21.4.4 Harmonic Operation
21.4.5 Collectors
21.5 GYRO-MONOTRONS (OSCILLATORS)
21.5.1 RF Output Coupling
21.5.2 Second-Harmonic Gyrotrons
21.5.3 Permanent Magnet Gyrotrons
21.6 GYRO-AMPLIFIERS
21.6.1 Gyro-Klystrons
21.6.2 Gyro-Twystrons
21.6.3 Gyro-TWTs
21.7 TERAHERTZ GYROTRONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 22 Windows
22.1 BACKGROUND
22.2 COAXIAL WINDOWS
22.3 WAVEGUIDE WINDOWS
22.4 SCALING OF WINDOWS
REFERENCES
Chapter 23 Noise
23.1 THERMAL AGITATION NOISE
23.2 DEFINITIONS OF NOISE FIGURE
23.3 OVERVIEW OF NOISE PHENOMENA
23.4 NOISE IN ELECTRON GUNS
23.5 NOISE GENERATION AT THE CATHODE
23.5.1 Shot Noise
23.5.2 Velocity Noise
23.5.3 Other Noise Generation Mechanisms
23.6 THE SPACE CHARGE MINIMUM REGION
23.6.1 Rack Noise Invariance
23.6.2 Shot Noise Reduction
23.6.3 Other Noise Effects
23.7 LOW-VELOCITY CORRELATION REGION
23.8 HIGH-VOLTAGE ACCELERATION REGION
23.8.1 Noise Space Charge Waves
23.8.2 Impedance Transformation for Low-Noise Tubes
23.8.3 Lens Effects
23.9 RF SECTION NOISE PHENOMENA
23.9.1 Circuit Loss
23.9.2 Partition Noise
23.9.3 Secondary Electron Interactions
23.9.4 Noise Growth
23.9.5 Magnetic Noise Suppression
23.10 OTHER NOISE SOURCES
23.11 MINIMUM NOISE FIGURE OF A TWT
REFERENCES
Chapter 24 Nonlinearities and Distortion
24.1 DISTORTION RESULTING FROM SATURATION EFFECTS
24.1.1 AM/AM Conversion
24.1.2 AM/PM Conversion
24.1.3 Harmonic Generation
24.1.4 Intermodulation Products
24.2 Digital Communications
24.2.1 QPSK and 16QAM
24.2.2 Data Characteristics
24.2.3 Amplifier Design to Reduce Distortion
24.3 SIGNAL CAPTURING
24.4 VARIATIONS WITH FREQUENCY
24.4.1 Broadband Gain Variations
24.4.2 Narrowband Gain Variations
24.4.3 Phase Nonlinearities or Time Delay Distortion
24.5 PUSHING AND PULLING
24.5.1 Amplitude Pushing
24.5.2 Phase Pushing
24.5.3 Pulling
REFERENCES
Chapter 25 Breakdown and Protection
25.1 FIELD ENHANCEMENT
25.2 DC BREAKDOWN IN VACUUM [1-3]
25.2.1 Electrode Phenomena Leading to Breakdown
25.2.2 Avoiding Breakdown
25.2.3 Vacuum Arcs
25.3 DC BREAKDOWN ON INSULATOR SURFACES
25.4 RF BREAKDOWN IN VACUUM
25.4.1 Two-Surface Multipactor with No Magnetic Field
25.4.2 Two-Surface Multipactor in Combined Fields
25.4.3 Single-Surface Multipactor with No Magnetic Field
25.4.4 Single-Surface Multipactor in Combined Fields
25.5 RF BREAKDOWN OF INSULATORS
25.6 DC BREAKDOWN IN GAS [20-22]
25.7 RF BREAKDOWN IN GAS [21]
25.8 FAULT DETECTION AND TUBE PROTECTION
25.8.1 Excess Body Current
25.8.2 Excess Reflected RF Power
REFERENCES
Appendix A Useful Constants and Conversions
Appendix B Vacuum Technology
B.1 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
B.2 RANGES OF OPERATION
B.3 SOURCES OF GAS
B.3.1 Backstreaming
B.3.2 Permeation
B.3.3 Diffusion
B.3.4 Desorption
B.3.5 Vaporization
B.3.6 Virtual Leaks
B.3.7 Real Leaks
B.4 VACUUM SYSTEMS
B.5 ROUGHING PUMPS
B.5.1 Oil-Filled Mechanical Pumps
B.5.2 Scroll Pumps
B.5.3 Sorption Pumps
B.5.4 Venturi Pumps
B.6 HIGH-VACUUM PUMPS
B.6.1 Diffusion Pumps
B.6.2 Ion Pumps
B.6.3 Turbomolecular Pumps
B.6.4 Cryogenic Pumps
B.6.5 Nonevaporable Getters
B.7 VACUUM GAUGES
B.7.1 Thermocouple Gauge
B.7.2 Ionization Gauge
B.8 BAKEOUT
B.9 MICROWAVE TUBE MATERIALS
B.10 JOINING TECHNIQUES
B.10.1 Brazing
B.10.2 Welding
REFERENCES
Appendix C Magnetics
C.1 MAGNETIC QUANTITIES
C.2 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
C.3 MAGNETIC MATERIALS
C.3.1 Ferromagnetic Materials
C.3.2 Normal and Intrinsic Hysteresis Curves
C.3.3 Energy Product
C.3.4 Rare Earth Magnet Materials
C.4 PERMANENT MAGNETS [5]
C.4.1 Straight Field Magnets
C.4.2 Periodic Permanent Magnets
C.4.3 Double-Period and Long-Period Focusing
C.5 POLE PIECES
C.6 ELECTROMAGNETS
REFERENCES
Glossary
About the Author
Index

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