Caves

Name: Caves | Processes, Development, and Management
Brand: Wiley
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Processes, Development, and Management

David Shaw Gillieson(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 26. Mai 2021

528 Seiten

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Beschreibung

People have been interested in caves for a very long time. Our distant ancestors used them for shelter, as sources of water, and as places in which to conduct essential rituals. They adorned their walls with quite sophisticated artwork depicting both their existential and spiritual concerns. Caves feature in our mythology, they are used as places of worship in many cultures, and they are used throughout the world as places in which to store prized foodstuffs and wine. For at least two hundred years they have attracted scientists, artists, photographers, and recreational cavers. This book aims examines how caves form, the light they shed on past environments and climates, and the values, both environmental and cultural, that they provide to humanity. This second edition of Caves: Processes, Development,and Managementis a welcome revision of the author's earlier treatment released over twenty years ago. It has been updated, significantly expanded, and largely rewritten. The intervening years have seen a dramatic increase in karst and cave research globally, with significant advances in our understanding of fundamental processes, in our ability to extract proxy climatic and environmental data from cave deposits, and in our understanding of the breadth of cave values and as a result the complexity of their management needs. This new edition adopts a broad international perspective in the research examples used and the cited literature, and has actively sought out material from the tropical world and the southern continents, thus avoiding the European and North American bias frequently found in speleological publications. Caves: Processes, Development, and Management, Second Edition, is organised into four sections. In the first section, contemporary processes of cave formation are examined. The second section of the book deals with past processes and their physical manifestation. In the third section, the use of caves by various organisms from bacteria to humans is explored. The final section of the book reviews our changing approaches to cave management and to catchment management on karst terrains. The book will be of use to anyone who is interested in caves and karst, or who wants to understand about cave formation, development, values and management.

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Inhalt

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright [Seite 6]
4 - Contents [Seite 9]
5 - Preface and Acknowledgements [Seite 15]
6 - Chapter 1 Introduction [Seite 17]
6.1 - 1.1 Some Basic Propositions [Seite 17]
6.2 - 1.2 Now the Details. [Seite 19]
7 - Chapter 2 Caves and Karst [Seite 22]
7.1 - 2.1 What Is a Cave? [Seite 22]
7.2 - 2.2 What Is Karst? [Seite 23]
7.3 - 2.3 Caves as Systems [Seite 25]
7.3.1 - 2.3.1 Caves as Geomorphic Systems [Seite 26]
7.3.2 - 2.3.2 Caves as Biological Systems [Seite 29]
7.4 - 2.4 Where Are the Deepest and Longest Caves? [Seite 30]
7.5 - References [Seite 32]
8 - Chapter 3 Cave Hydrology [Seite 34]
8.1 - 3.1 Basic Concepts in Karst Drainage Systems [Seite 34]
8.2 - 3.2 Porosity and Permeability [Seite 36]
8.2.1 - 3.2.1 Diffuse Flow [Seite 36]
8.2.2 - 3.2.2 Fissure Flow [Seite 38]
8.2.3 - 3.2.3 Conduit Flow [Seite 38]
8.2.4 - 3.2.4 Understanding the Karst Drainage System [Seite 41]
8.3 - 3.3 Zonation of the Karst Drainage System [Seite 43]
8.4 - 3.4 Defining the Catchment of a Cave [Seite 46]
8.5 - 3.5 Analysis of Karst Drainage Systems [Seite 48]
8.5.1 - 3.5.1 Water?Tracing Techniques [Seite 48]
8.5.2 - 3.5.2 Spring Hydrograph Analysis [Seite 51]
8.5.3 - 3.5.3 Spring Chemograph Analysis [Seite 56]
8.6 - 3.6 Structure and Function of Karst Drainage Systems [Seite 57]
8.6.1 - 3.6.1 Storage and Transfers in the Karst System [Seite 57]
8.6.2 - 3.6.2 The Role of Extreme Events [Seite 59]
8.7 - 3.7 Karst Hydrology of the Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky [Seite 63]
8.8 - References [Seite 67]
9 - Chapter 4 Processes of Rock Dissolution [Seite 71]
9.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 71]
9.2 - 4.2 Karst Rocks [Seite 71]
9.2.1 - 4.2.1 Limestone [Seite 71]
9.2.2 - 4.2.2 Dolomite [Seite 78]
9.2.3 - 4.2.3 Evaporite Rocks-Gypsum and Halite [Seite 79]
9.2.4 - 4.2.4 Sandstone [Seite 80]
9.2.5 - 4.2.5 Granite [Seite 81]
9.3 - 4.3 Processes of Dissolution of Karst Rocks [Seite 82]
9.3.1 - 4.3.1 The Solution of Limestone in Meteoric Waters [Seite 82]
9.3.2 - 4.3.2 Soil and Vegetation in the Limestone Solution Process [Seite 84]
9.3.3 - 4.3.3 The Zoning of Solution in the Unsaturated Zone [Seite 86]
9.3.4 - 4.3.4 Limestone Solution in Seawater [Seite 87]
9.4 - 4.4 Hydrothermal Solution of Limestone [Seite 89]
9.5 - 4.5 Solution of Evaporites [Seite 90]
9.6 - 4.6 Solution of Silicates in Meteoric Waters [Seite 91]
9.7 - 4.7 Caves in Quaternary Limestone in Southern Australia [Seite 93]
9.8 - References [Seite 99]
10 - Chapter 5 Speleogenesis [Seite 102]
10.1 - 5.1 Classifying Cave Systems [Seite 102]
10.2 - 5.2 Controls of Rock Structure on Cave Development [Seite 105]
10.2.1 - 5.2.1 Role of Lithology [Seite 105]
10.2.2 - 5.2.2 Role of Joints, Fractures, and Faults [Seite 106]
10.2.3 - 5.2.3 Cave Breakdown and Evaporite Weathering [Seite 110]
10.3 - 5.3 Meteoric Speleogenesis, Unconfined and Confined [Seite 112]
10.3.1 - 5.3.1 Formation of Caves in Plan [Seite 112]
10.3.2 - 5.3.2 Formation of Caves in Length and Depth [Seite 113]
10.3.3 - 5.3.3 The Formation of Maze Caves [Seite 119]
10.3.4 - 5.3.4 Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Cave Development [Seite 121]
10.3.5 - 5.3.5 Deep Shafts of the World [Seite 130]
10.4 - 5.4 Hypogene Speleogenesis [Seite 131]
10.4.1 - 5.4.1 Solutional Mesoforms as Indicators of Hypogene Origin [Seite 133]
10.4.2 - 5.4.2 Condensation and Corrosion in Passage Enlargement [Seite 133]
10.5 - 5.5 Flank Margin Speleogenesis [Seite 136]
10.6 - 5.6 Caves Formed in Gypsum [Seite 138]
10.7 - 5.7 Lava Tubes, Weathering Caves, and Pseudokarst [Seite 139]
10.7.1 - 5.7.1 The Formation of Lava Tubes [Seite 139]
10.7.2 - 5.7.2 Weathering Caves and Pseudokarst [Seite 142]
10.8 - 5.8 Life History and Antiquity of Caves [Seite 142]
10.9 - 5.9 Geological Control and the World's Longest Cave [Seite 143]
10.10 - References [Seite 149]
11 - Chapter 6 Cave Interior Deposits [Seite 154]
11.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 154]
11.2 - 6.2 Carbonates [Seite 160]
11.3 - 6.3 Controls over Carbonate Mineralogy [Seite 164]
11.4 - 6.4 Other Cave Deposits Formed by Carbonate Minerals [Seite 165]
11.5 - 6.5 Growth Rates of Speleothems [Seite 167]
11.6 - 6.6 Important Non?carbonate Minerals [Seite 169]
11.6.1 - 6.6.1 Evaporites (Sulphates and Halides) [Seite 169]
11.6.2 - 6.6.2 Phosphates and Nitrates [Seite 171]
11.6.3 - 6.6.3 Oxides, Silicates, and Hydroxides [Seite 172]
11.7 - 6.7 Ice in Caves [Seite 173]
11.8 - 6.8 Other Minerals [Seite 174]
11.9 - 6.9 Cave Deposits of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia [Seite 174]
11.10 - References [Seite 182]
12 - Chapter 7 Cave Sediments [Seite 187]
12.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 187]
12.2 - 7.2 Clastic Sediment Types [Seite 187]
12.3 - 7.3 Processes of Sedimentation [Seite 188]
12.3.1 - 7.3.1 Gravity?Fall Processes [Seite 188]
12.3.2 - 7.3.2 Waterlain Clastic Sediments [Seite 191]
12.3.3 - 7.3.3 Cave and Rockshelter Entrance Deposits [Seite 200]
12.4 - 7.4 Sediment Transport and Particle Size [Seite 201]
12.5 - 7.5 Diagenesis of Cave Sediments [Seite 204]
12.6 - 7.6 Stratigraphy and its Interpretation [Seite 205]
12.7 - 7.7 Provenance Studies [Seite 206]
12.8 - 7.8 Cave Sediments and Environmental History at Zhoukoudian, China [Seite 207]
12.9 - References [Seite 211]
13 - Chapter 8 Dating Cave Deposits [Seite 214]
13.1 - 8.1 The Importance of Dating Cave Deposits [Seite 214]
13.2 - 8.2 Dating Techniques and the Quaternary Timescale [Seite 215]
13.3 - 8.3 Palaeomagnetism [Seite 216]
13.4 - 8.4 Uranium Series [Seite 219]
13.5 - 8.5 Radiocarbon [Seite 227]
13.6 - 8.6 Other Dating Methods: Cosmogenic Radionuclides, and Tephrochronology [Seite 229]
13.7 - 8.7 Timing Glacial and Interglacial Events in New Zealand [Seite 231]
13.8 - References [Seite 237]
14 - Chapter 9 Cave Deposits and Past Climates [Seite 241]
14.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 241]
14.2 - 9.2 Oxygen Isotope Analysis [Seite 242]
14.3 - 9.3 The Last Glacial?Interglacial Temperature Record [Seite 244]
14.4 - 9.4 Carbon Isotopes and Environmental Changes [Seite 250]
14.5 - 9.5 Cyclone History in the Indo?Pacific Region [Seite 251]
14.6 - 9.6 Other Proxy Records (Trace Elements, Annual Laminae, Pollen, Lipid Biomarkers) [Seite 255]
14.7 - 9.7 The Long Environmental History of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia [Seite 256]
14.8 - 9.8 Some Speculations on the Future [Seite 261]
14.9 - References [Seite 261]
15 - Chapter 10 Cave Ecology [Seite 264]
15.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 264]
15.2 - 10.2 Classification of Cave Life and its Function [Seite 264]
15.3 - 10.3 Adaptations and Modifications to Life in Darkness [Seite 265]
15.4 - 10.4 Life Zones within Caves [Seite 268]
15.5 - 10.5 The Cave as a Habitat [Seite 271]
15.6 - 10.6 Energy Flows in Cave Ecosystems [Seite 277]
15.7 - 10.7 Cave Microbiology [Seite 280]
15.8 - 10.8 Origin and Dispersal of Cave?Dwelling Animals [Seite 283]
15.9 - 10.9 Threats to Cave Fauna [Seite 286]
15.10 - 10.10 Conservation of Biological Diversity in Caves [Seite 291]
15.11 - 10.11 Caves and Ecosystem Services [Seite 293]
15.12 - 10.12 White Nose Syndrome [Seite 296]
15.13 - 10.13 Unravelling the Secrets of the Carrai Bat Cave [Seite 299]
15.14 - References [Seite 302]
16 - Chapter 11 Cave Archaeology [Seite 308]
16.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 308]
16.2 - 11.2 Prehistoric Uses of Caves [Seite 309]
16.3 - 11.3 Cave Faunas and Hominids [Seite 310]
16.4 - 11.4 Cave Art in Context [Seite 316]
16.5 - 11.5 Depositional Environments in Caves [Seite 320]
16.6 - 11.6 Cave Deposits and Biological Conservation [Seite 321]
16.7 - 11.7 Taphonomy of Cave Deposits [Seite 322]
16.8 - 11.8 Archaeology of Liang Bua Cave, Flores (the Hobbit Cave) [Seite 325]
16.9 - References [Seite 331]
17 - Chapter 12 Historic Uses of Caves [Seite 334]
17.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 334]
17.2 - 12.2 Caves as Shelter [Seite 334]
17.3 - 12.3 Caves as Sacred Spaces [Seite 337]
17.4 - 12.4 Caves as Sources of Raw Materials [Seite 340]
17.5 - 12.5 Cave Tourism [Seite 349]
17.6 - 12.6 Cave Dwellings in Turkey [Seite 351]
17.7 - References [Seite 356]
18 - Chapter 13 Cave Management [Seite 358]
18.1 - 13.1 Introduction - Caves as Contested Spaces [Seite 360]
18.2 - 13.2 Interpretation and Guide Training [Seite 361]
18.3 - 13.3 Cave Lighting [Seite 364]
18.4 - 13.4 Some Engineering Issues in Caves [Seite 365]
18.5 - 13.5 Impacts of Visitors and Infrastructure on Show Caves [Seite 368]
18.6 - 13.6 Radon Risk in Caves [Seite 374]
18.7 - 13.7 Cave Cleaning and its Impacts [Seite 378]
18.8 - 13.8 Impacts of Recreational Caving on Caves [Seite 378]
18.9 - 13.9 Cave Rescue [Seite 383]
18.10 - 13.10 Cave Inventories and Alternative Management Concepts [Seite 387]
18.11 - 13.11 Rehabilitation and Restoration of Caves [Seite 390]
18.12 - 13.12 Cave Classification and Management [Seite 392]
18.13 - 13.13 Policy Approaches to Cave and Karst Protection [Seite 394]
18.14 - 13.14 Management of the Gunung Mulu World Heritage Area, Sarawak, Malaysia [Seite 395]
18.15 - References [Seite 404]
19 - Chapter 14 Catchment Management in Karst [Seite 409]
19.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 409]
19.2 - 14.2 Basic Concepts in Karst Management [Seite 409]
19.3 - 14.3 Defining Karst Catchments [Seite 411]
19.4 - 14.4 Vegetation and Caves [Seite 414]
19.5 - 14.5 Accelerated Soil Loss in Karst [Seite 416]
19.6 - 14.6 Agricultural Impacts [Seite 418]
19.6.1 - 14.6.1 Rocky Desertification [Seite 418]
19.6.2 - 14.6.2 Infilling of Dolines [Seite 419]
19.6.3 - 14.6.3 Altered Drainage [Seite 420]
19.6.4 - 14.6.4 Groundwater Lowering [Seite 421]
19.6.5 - 14.6.5 Fertiliser and Herbicides [Seite 423]
19.6.6 - 14.6.6 Pesticides [Seite 424]
19.6.7 - 14.6.7 Microbial Contamination of Groundwater [Seite 425]
19.6.8 - 14.6.8 Golf Courses on Karst [Seite 427]
19.7 - 14.7 Fire Management in Karst [Seite 428]
19.8 - 14.8 Conservation Issues in Karst [Seite 430]
19.9 - 14.9 Assessing Vulnerability in Karst Management [Seite 431]
19.9.1 - 14.9.1 Karst Disturbance Index [Seite 431]
19.9.2 - 14.9.2 Karst Groundwater Vulnerability [Seite 433]
19.9.3 - 14.9.3 Data Availability [Seite 434]
19.10 - 14.10 Understanding Disputes Over Cave and Karst Resources [Seite 437]
19.11 - 14.11 The IUCN Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection [Seite 439]
19.12 - References [Seite 442]
20 - Chapter 15 Documentation of Caves [Seite 448]
20.1 - 15.1 Geoheritage Assessment [Seite 448]
20.2 - 15.2 Cave Mapping [Seite 452]
20.3 - 15.3 Cave Photography [Seite 458]
20.4 - 15.4 3D Scanning of Caves [Seite 465]
20.5 - 15.5 Drones [Seite 469]
20.6 - 15.6 Mapping World Heritage Caves in Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia [Seite 470]
20.7 - References [Seite 473]
21 - Glossary of Cave and Karst Terminology [Seite 477]
22 - Further Reading [Seite 490]
23 - Geographical Index [Seite 491]
24 - Subject Index [Seite 500]
25 - EULA [Seite 531]

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