Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys

Name: Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys | Understanding, Performance, and Testing
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Understanding, Performance, and Testing

Edward Ghali(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 20. Mai 2010

640 Seiten

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Intro
Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part One Electrochemical Fundamentals and Active-Passive Corrosion Behaviors
1. Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion
Overview
A. Thermodynamic Considerations of Corrosion
1.1. Electrolytic Conductance
1.1.1. Faraday Laws
1.2. Tendency to Corrosion
1.3. The Electrochemical Interface
1.3.1. Electric Double Layer
1.3.2. Equivalent Circuit of the Electric Double Layer
1.4. Nernst Equation
1.5. Standard Potentials of Electrodes
1.5.1. Standard States in Solution
1.5.2. Hydrogen Electrode
1.5.3. Positive and Negative Signs of Potentials
1.5.4. Graphical Presentation
B. Activity and Conductance of the Electrolyte
1.6. Activity of the Electrolyte
1.6.1. Constant and Degree of Dissociation
1.6.2. Activity and Concentration
1.6.3. Theory of More Concentrated Solutions
1.6.4. Electrolytic Conduction
1.7. Mobility of Ions
1.7.1. Law of Additivity of Kohlrausch
1.7.2. Ion Transport Number or Index
1.8. Conductance
1.9. Potential of Decomposition
C. The Different Types of Electrodes
1.10. Gas Electrodes
1.11. Metal-Metal Ion Electrodes
1.11.1. Alloyed Electrodes
1.12. Metal-Insoluble Salt or Oxide Electrodes
1.12.1. Metal-Insoluble Salt Electrodes
1.12.2. Metal-Insoluble Oxide Electrodes
1.13. Electrodes of Oxidation-Reduction
1.14. Selective Ion Electrodes
1.14.1. Glass Electrodes
1.14.2. Copper Ion-Selective Electrodes
D. Electrochemical and Corrosion Cells
1.15. Chemical Cells
1.15.1. Chemical Cell with Transport
1.15.2. Chemical Cell Without Transport
1.16. Concentration Cells
1.16.1. Concentration Cell with Difference of Activity at the Electrode and Electrolyte
1.16.2. Junction Potential
1.17. Solvent Corrosion Cells
1.17.1. Cathodic Oxidoreduction Reaction
1.17.2. Displacement Cell
1.17.3. Complexing Agent Cells
1.17.4. Stray Current Corrosion Cell
1.18. Temperature Differential Cells
1.19. Overlapping of Different Corrosion Cells
E. Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion
1.20. Definition and Description of Corrosion
1.21. Electrochemical and Chemical Reactions
1.21.1. Electrochemical Corrosion
1.21.2. Film-Free Chemical Interactions
References
2. Aqueous and High-Temperature Corrosion
Overview
2.1. Atmospheric Media
2.1.1. Description
2.1.2. Types of Corrosion
2.1.3. Atmospheric Contaminants
2.1.4. Corrosion Prevention and Protection
2.2. Aqueous Environments
2.3. Organic Solvent Properties
2.4. Underground Media
2.5. Water Media Properties
2.5.1. Water Composition
2.5.2. The Oxidizing Power of Solution
2.5.3. Scale Formation and Water Indexes
2.6. Corrosion at High Temperatures
2.6.1. Description
2.6.2. The Pilling-Bedworth Ratio (PBR)
2.6.3. Kinetics of Formation
2.6.4. Corrosion Behaviors of Some Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
References
3. Active and Passive Behaviors of Aluminum and Magnesium and Their Alloys
Overview
3.1. Potential-pH Diagrams of Aluminum and Magnesium
3.1.1. Construction of Pourbaix Diagrams
3.1.2. Predictions of E-pH Diagrams
3.1.3. Utility and Limits of Pourbaix Diagrams
3.2. Active Behavior and Overpotentials
3.2.1. Active Behavior and Polarization
3.2.2. Overpotentials
3.3. Passive Behavior
3.3.1. The Phenomenon of Passivation
3.3.2. Passive Layers and Their Formation
3.3.3. Breakdown of Passivity
3.3.4. Electrochemical and Physical Techniques for Passive Film Studies
3.4. Active and Passive Behaviors of Aluminum and Its Alloys
3.4.1. The E-pH Diagram of Aluminum
3.4.2. Active and Passive Behaviors
3.4.3. Pitting Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy 5086
3.5. Active and Passive Behaviors of Magnesium and Its Alloys
3.5.1. E-pH Diagram of Magnesium
3.5.2. Passive Mg Layers (Films)
3.5.3. Passive Properties and Stability
3.5.4. Temperature Influence in Aqueous Media
3.5.5. Atmospheric and High-Temperature Oxidation
References
Part Two Performance and Corrosion Forms of Aluminum and Its Alloys
4. Properties, Use, and Performance of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Overview
A. Properties of Aluminum
4.1. Physical and General Properties of Aluminum
4.2. Cast Aluminum Alloys
4.2.1. Designation of Cast Aluminum Alloys and Ingots
4.2.2. Alloying Elements
4.2.3. Cast Alloys Series
4.3. Wrought Aluminum Alloys
4.3.1. Designation of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
4.3.2. Alloying Elements
4.3.3. Wrought Aluminum Alloys Series
4.3.4. Description of the Wrought Alloys Series
4.4. Aluminum Powders and Aluminum Matrix Composites
4.4.1. Aluminum Powders
4.4.2. Rapid Solidification Processing
4.4.3. Aluminum Matrix Composites and P/M- MMCs
4.4.4. Al MMC Particles and Formation
B. Use of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
4.5. Use of Cast Aluminum Alloys
4.5.1. Standard General Purpose Aluminum Alloys
4.5.2. Some Specific Uses
4.6. Use of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
4.6.1. Aerospace Applications
4.6.2. Automotive Sheet and Structural Alloys
4.6.3. Shipping
4.6.4. Building and Construction
4.6.5. Packaging
4.6.6. Electrical Conductor Alloys
C. Aluminum Performance
4.7. Resistance of Aluminum Alloys to Atmospheric Corrosion
4.8. Factors Affecting Atmospheric Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys
4.9. Water Corrosion
4.10. Seawater
4.11. Soil Corrosion
4.12. Some Aggressive Media: Acid and Alkaline Solutions
4.12.1. Acids
4.12.2. Alkalis
4.13. Dry and Aqueous Organic Compounds
4.14. Gases
4.15. Mercury
4.16. Corrosion Performance of Alloys
4.16.1. Performance of the Cast Series
4.16.2. Performance of the Wrought Series
4.17. Aluminum High-Temperature Corrosion
References
5. General, Galvanic, and Localized Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Overview
A. General Corrosion
5.1. General Considerations
5.2. Description
5.3. Mechanisms
5.4. Prevention
5.4.1. Design Considerations
5.4.2. Surface Pretreatment
5.4.3. Corrosion Control
5.4.4. Aluminum Alloys and Resistance to General Corrosion
B. Galvanic Corrosion
5.5. General Considerations
5.6. Galvanic Series of Aluminum Alloys
5.7. Mechanisms
5.7.1. Cu-Al Galvanic Cell
5.7.2. Mg-Al Galvanic Cell
5.7.3. Galvanic Effect of a Coating
5.8. Deposition Corrosion
5.9. Stray Current Corrosion
5.10. Prevention
5.11. Basic Study of Al-Cu Galvanic Corrosion Cell
C. Localized Corrosion
5.12. Pitting Corrosion
5.12.1. Occurrence and Morphology
5.12.2. Kinetics
5.12.3. The Pitting Potential
5.12.4. Mechanisms
5.12.5. Possible Stages of Pitting
5.12.6. Prevention of Pitting Corrosion
5.12.7. Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Cathodes
5.13. Crevice Corrosion
5.13.1. General Considerations and Description
5.13.2. Poultice Corrosion
5.13.3. Mechanisms
5.13.4. Water Stains on AA3xxx
5.14. Filiform Corrosion
5.14.1. General Considerations
5.14.2. Aluminum Alloys and Filiform Corrosion
5.14.3. Kinetics, Mechanism, and Prevention
5.14.4. Filiform Occurrence
References
6. Metallurgically and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Overview
A. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion (METIC)
6.1. Fundamentals of METIC
6.1.1. Influence of Metallurgical and Mechanical Treatments
6.2. Types of Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion
6.2.1. Dealloying (Dealuminification)
6.2.2. Intergranular Corrosion
6.2.3. Exfoliation
6.3. Joining and Welding
6.3.1. Corrosion Resistance of Brazed, Soldered, and Bonded Joints
6.3.2. Welding Fundamentals
6.3.3. Welding Influence on Behavior of Aluminum Alloys
6.3.4. Frequent Corrosion Types of Welded Aluminum Alloys
6.3.5. Corrosion Resistance of Wrought and Cast Al Alloys
6.4. Metal Matrix Composites for Nuclear Dry Waste Storage
B. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion: The Basics
6.5. Microorganisms
6.5.1. Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
6.5.2. Fungi and Yeast (Eukaryotes)
6.5.3. Algae (Eukaryotes)
6.5.4. Lichens
6.6. Natural and Artificial Media
6.6.1. Air Media
6.6.2. Aqueous Media
6.6.3. Soils
6.7. Anaerobic and Aerobic Bacteria in Action
6.7.1. Anaerobic Bacteria
6.7.2. Aerobic Bacteria
6.7.3. Co-action of Anaerobic and Aerobic Bacteria
6.8. MIC of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
6.8.1. Fungi and Bacteria (Space)
6.8.2. Geotrichum (Tropical Atmosphere)
6.8.3. Cyanobacteria and Algae (Polluted Freshwater)
6.8.4. Rod-Shaped Bacteria and Algae (Polluted Seawater)
6.8.5. SRB (Industrial and Seawater)
6.8.6. Hormoconis resinae (Kerosene)
6.9. Mechanisms of MIC and Inhibition
6.9.1. Corrosion Mechanisms
6.9.2. Influence of Biofilms on Passive Behavior of Aluminum
6.9.3. Corrosion Inhibition by Microorganisms
6.10. MIC Prevention and Control
References
7. Mechanically Assisted Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Overview
A. Erosion Corrosion
7.1. Impingement with Liquid-Containing Solid Particles
7.2. Corrosion by Cavitation
7.3. Water Drop Impingement Corrosion
7.4. Fretting Corrosion
7.5. Fretting Fatigue Corrosion
7.6. Prevention of Erosion Corrosion
B. Corrosion Fatigue
7.7. General Considerations and Morphology
7.8. Parameters
7.8.1. Environmental Considerations
7.8.2. Cyclic Stresses
7.8.3. Material Factors
7.9. Mechanisms of Corrosion Fatigue
7.10. Corrosion Fatigue of Aluminum Alloys
7.10.1. Corrosion Fatigue of AA7017-T651
7.10.2. Corrosion Fatigue of AA7075-T6
7.10.3. Corrosion Fatigue of Al-Mg-Si Compared to Al-Mg Alloys
7.10.4. Modeling of the Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Aluminum Alloys
7.11. Prevention of Corrosion Fatigue
References
8. Environmentally Induced Cracking of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Overview
8.1. Introduction and Definition of SCC
8.2. Key Parameters
8.2.1. Stress
8.2.2. Environment
8.3. SCC Parameters of Aluminum Alloys
8.3.1. Influence of Stress
8.3.2. Role of Environment
8.4. SCC Mechanisms
8.4.1. Overlapping of Cracking Phenomena
8.4.2. Significance of the Magnitude of Strain Rates
8.4.3. Cracking Initiation and Propagation
8.5. SCC of Aluminum Alloys
8.5.1. SCC Resistance of Aluminum Alloys
8.5.2. Influence of Heat Treatments on Corrosion Forms
8.6. SCC of Welded Aluminum Alloys
8.6.1. Galvanic Corrosion and SCC of Welded Assemblies
8.6.2. SCC Knife-Line Attack
8.6.3. Localized Corrosion and SCC of LBW AA6013
8.6.4. Mechanically Influenced Corrosion and SCC of Welds
8.6.5. Corrosion Fatigue of Friction Stir Welding White Zone
8.6.6. SCC of Friction Stir Welded 7075 and 6056 Alloys
8.6.7. SCC of FSW of 7075-T651 and 7050-T451 Alloys
8.7. Prevention of SCC
8.7.1. Design and Stresses
8.7.2. Environmental Considerations
8.7.3. Metallurgical Considerations
8.7.4. Surface Modification
8.7.5. Prevention of Hydrogen Damage
References
Part Three Performance and Corrosion Forms of Magnesium and Its Alloys
9. Properties, Use, and Performance of Magnesium and Its Alloys
Overview
A. Properties of Magnesium Alloys
9.1. Physical and General Properties of Magnesium
9.2. Properties of Cast Magnesium Alloys
9.2.1. Designation of Cast Magnesium Alloys
9.2.2. Alloying Elements
9.2.3. Cast Magnesium Alloys Series
9.3. Properties of Wrought Magnesium Alloys
9.4. Magnesium Powder
9.5. Magnesium Composites
9.6. Particles Reinforcing Magnesium Alloy Matrix
9.6.1. SiC
9.6.2. Mg(2)Si
9.6.3. Nanosized Alumina Particulates
B. Use of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
9.7. Applications of Cast Magnesium Alloys
9.7.1. Automotive and Aerospace Applications
9.7.2. Application as Refractory Material
9.7.3. Other Uses
9.8. Applications of Wrought Magnesium Alloys
C. Magnesium Performance
9.9. Resistance of Magnesium Alloys to Atmospheric Corrosion
9.10. Factors Affecting Atmospheric Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys: Effect of Sulfites and Sulfates
9.11. Water Corrosion
9.12. Salt Solutions
9.13. Acid and Alkaline Solutions
9.14. Aqueous Organic Compounds
9.15. Dry Organic Compounds
9.16. Gases at Ambient Temperature Up to About 100 °C
9.17. Magnesium High-Temperature Corrosion
References
10. General, Galvanic, and Localized Corrosion of Magnesium and Its Alloys
Overview
A. General Corrosion
10.1. Corrosion Resistance of Passive Magnesium
10.1.1. E(corr) and Corrosion Rates in Natural and Aqueous Media
10.1.2. Corrosion Rate Methods of Mg-Al Alloys
10.1.3. Critical Evaluation of the Passive Properties of Magnesium Alloys
10.2. The Negative Difference Effect (NDE)
10.3. Kinetic Studies of General and Pitting Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys
10.3.1. Electrochemical Noise Studies
10.4. Corrosion Prevention
B. Galvanic Corrosion
10.5. Hydrogen Overpotentials
10.6. Galvanic Corrosion of Pure and Alloyed Magnesium
10.6.1. Cathodic Corrosion of Aluminum
10.6.2. Cathodic Damage to Coatings
10.7. Composite Coat for Molten Magnesium
10.8. Metal Matrix Composite Galvanic Corrosion
10.9. Prevention of Galvanic Corrosion
10.9.1. Joining Magnesium to Dissimilar Metal Assemblies
10.9.2. Joining Magnesium to Nonmetallic Assemblies
C. Localized Corrosion
10.10. Pitting Corrosion
10.10.1. The Pitting Potential Determination
10.10.2. Polarization Curves and Pitting Potential of AXJ Alloy
10.11. Crevice Corrosion
10.12. Filiform Corrosion
10.12.1. Initiation and Kinetics Parameters
10.12.2. Mechanism of Propagation
References
11. Metallurgically and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Magnesium and Its Alloys
Overview
A. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys
11.1. Casting Alloys and Alloying Elements
11.1.1. Casting Alloys
11.1.2. Magnesium-Rare Earth, Magnesium-Thorium, and Magnesium-Silver Alloys
11.1.3. Alloying Elements and Tolerance Limit
11.2. Corrosion Influenced By Metallurgical Properties
11.2.1. Galvanic Corrosion and Secondary Phases
11.2.2. Intergranular Corrosion
11.2.3. Exfoliation Corrosion
11.2.4. High-Temperature Corrosion and Creep Deformation
11.2.5. Microstructure and Corrosion Creep of Magnesium Die-Cast Alloys
11.2.6. The OCP, i(corr), and Corrosion Creep
11.2.7. Corrosion Creep and Aging
11.2.8. Corrosion Creep of High-Strength AE42 and MEZ
11.3. Influence of the Microstructure, Different Phases, and Welding
11.3.1. Influence of Heat Treatments
11.3.2. Effect of Rapid Solidification
11.3.3. Influence of the Microstructure of Some Mg Alloys
11.3.4. Influence of Joining and Welding
11.3.5. Cold Chamber Processes
11.3.6. Hot Chamber Processes and Corrosion Resistance of Thin Plates
B. MIC of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
11.4. Rational Degradation
11.4.1. Behavior of Sacrificial Magnesium
11.4.2. Rational Biocorrosion of Mg and Its Alloys in the Human Body
11.5. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Implants
11.6. Approaches to Control Biodegradation
11.6.1. Alloying
11.6.2. Surface Treatment (Anodizing)
11.6.3. Magnesium Implants and Bone Surgery
References
12. Mechanically Assisted Corrosion of Magnesium and Its Alloys
Overview
12.1. Erosion Corrosion and Fretting Fatigue Corrosion
12.1.1. Erosion Corrosion
12.1.2. Fretting Fatigue Corrosion
12.2. Corrosion Fatigue of Magnesium Alloys
12.2.1. Corrosion Fatigue of Cast Magnesium Alloys
12.2.2. Corrosion Fatigue of High-Strength Magnesium Alloys
12.2.3. Crack Propagation of Wrought Extruded Alloys
12.2.4. Welding and Corrosion Fatigue of AZ31
12.2.5. Mechanisms of Corrosion Fatigue: Initiation and Propagation
12.2.6. Prevention of Corrosion Fatigue
References
13. Environmentally Induced Corrosion of Magnesium and Its Alloys
Overview
13.1. Use of Magnesium Alloys and Stress-Corrosion Cracking Failures
13.2. Key Parameters
13.2.1. Alloy Composition and Magnesium Impurities
13.2.2. Microstructure and Crack Morphology
13.2.3. Effect of Stress
13.2.4. Effect of the Environment
13.3. Influence of Other Forms or Types of Corrosion on SCC
13.3.1. Effect of General Corrosion
13.3.2. Bimetallic or Galvanic Corrosion
13.3.3. Pitting and Localized Corrosion
13.3.4. Welded Material and SCC
13.3.5. Environment-Enhanced Creep and SCC of Mg Alloys
13.4. Propagation Mechanisms of Corrosion
13.4.1. Electrochemical Dissolution Models
13.4.2. Hydrogen Embrittlement
13.5. SCC-HE of Some Magnesium Alloys
13.6. SCC Prevention
References
Part Four Coating and Testing
14. Aluminum Coatings: Description and Testing
Overview
14.1. Inhibitors
14.2. Metallic Coatings
14.2.1. Conventional Plating and Electroless Plating of Aluminum
14.2.2. Surface Preparation for Thermal Spraying
14.2.3. Sacrificial Protection by Aluminum Alloys
14.2.4. Aluminum Powder as a Coating
14.2.5. Cathodic Protection of Aluminum Alloys
14.3. Conversion Coating
14.3.1. Phosphates and/or Chromates
14.3.2. Chromate-Phosphate Treatments
14.3.3. Chromate Alternatives
14.4. Anodization
14.5. Organic Finishing
14.5.1. Thermoplastic Coatings or Liquors
14.5.2. Converted Coating During or After Application
14.5.3. Coatings Containing Metals More Active than Aluminum
14.5.4. Electrodeposited Coatings
14.6. Corrosion Testing of Coated Metal
14.6.1. Electrochemical Testing of Coatings
14.6.2. Conventional Testing
14.6.3. Corrosion Fatigue of Thermal Spraying of Aluminum as a Coating
14.6.4. Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Metallic Sprayed Coatings
References
15. Magnesium Coatings: Description and Testing
Overview
15.1. General Approach and Surface Preparation
15.2. Metallic and Conversion Coatings
15.2.1. Metallic Coatings
15.2.2. Chemical Conversion Surface Treatments
15.3. Anodic Treatments
15.3.1. Anodizing Description and Approaches
15.3.2. Formation of Anodized Coatings
15.3.3. Properties and Chemical Composition
15.3.4. Some Industrial and Developing Anodizing Processes
15.3.5. Forms of Surface Corrosion: Anodized or with Conversion Treatments
15.4. Surface Modification
15.4.1. Chemical and Physical Vapor Deposition
15.4.2. The H-Coat and Magnesium Hydrides
15.5. Electrochemical Characterization of the Metal-Film Interface
15.5.1. OCP and Polarization Studies of the Metal-Oxide Interface
15.5.2. Impedance Measurements
15.6. Organic Finishing and Corrosion Testing of Coated Material
15.6.1. Organic Coatings
15.6.2. Conventional Corrosion Testing of Coated Metal
References
Part Five Evaluation and Testing
16. Conventional and Electrochemical Methods of Investigation
Overview
16.1. Corrosion Testing Approaches and Methods of Investigation
16.1.1. Testing Approach
16.1.2. Categories of Corrosion Testing
16.1.3. Testing Duration
16.1.4. Testing Modes
16.1.5. Removal of Corrosion Products
16.2. Physical and Mechanical Testing of Corroded Materials
16.2.1. Visual and Microscopic Techniques of Testing
16.2.2. Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques
16.2.3. Mechanical Testing
16.2.4. Chemical Analysis
16.2.5. Surface Chemical Analysis
16.2.6. Published Data of Performance and Corrosion Resistance
16.3. Electrochemical Polarization Studies
16.3.1. Measurements of the Corrosion Potential
16.3.2. Potentiodynamic Methods
16.3.3. Cyclovoltammetry Techniques and Pitting
16.3.4. Potentiostatic, Galvanostatic, and Galvanodynamic Methods
16.4. The ac Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique
16.4.1. Introduction
16.4.2. EIS Terms and Equivalent Circuits
16.4.3. Impedance Plots
16.5. Electrochemical Noise Measurements
16.5.1. Historical and Electrochemical Noise Definition
16.5.2. EN Generation and Data Acquisition Systems
16.5.3. Analysis of ENM Data
16.5.4. Potentiodynamic, Potentiostatic, and Galvanostatic EN Studies
16.6. Scanning Reference Electrode Technique
16.7. Microsystems and Wire Beam Electrode
16.7.1. Microsystems and Atomic Force Microscopy
16.7.2. Wire Beam Electrode
References
17. Evaluation of Corrosion Forms of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Overview
17.1. General Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
17.2. Galvanic Corrosion
17.2.1. General Considerations
17.2.2. Influence of the Composition and Microstructure
17.2.3. Electrochemical Testing
17.3. Localized Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
17.3.1. Pitting Corrosion
17.3.2. Crevice Corrosion
17.3.3. Filiform Corrosion Testing of Al Alloys
17.4. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion
17.4.1. Intergranular Corrosion Testing
17.4.2. Exfoliation Testing
17.4.3. Joining and Testing
17.5. MIC and Biodegradation Evaluation
17.6. Mechanically Influenced Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
17.6.1. Erosion Corrosion Testing
17.6.2. Corrosion Fatigue Testing
17.7. Environmentally Influenced Corrosion
17.7.1. SCC Testing Procedures of Aluminum Alloys
17.7.2. Test Specimens
17.7.3. Stressors
17.7.4. Fracture Morphology and SCC of Aluminum Alloys
References
18. Evaluation of Corrosion Forms of Magnesium and Its Alloys
Overview
18.1. Testing Solutions
18.1.1. Hydroxide Solutions
18.1.2. Chloride, Sulfate, and Hydroxide Solutions
18.1.3. ASTM D1384-96 Corrosive Water
18.1.4. Buffered Solutions
18.2. General Corrosion Form
18.2.1. Immersion Testing and Corrosion Rate
18.2.2. Salt Spray Corrosion Test
18.2.3. Some Electrochemical Methods of Investigation
18.3. Galvanic or Bimetallic Corrosion of Magnesium and Its Alloys
18.4. Localized Corrosion of Magnesium and Its Alloys
18.4.1. Open Circuit Potential and Pitting Corrosion Studies
18.4.2. Electrochemical Noise Measurements
18.4.3. Magnesium SRET Studies
18.5. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion of Magnesium and Its Alloys
18.6. MIC and Biodegradation of Magnesium and Its Alloys
18.7. Corrosion Fatigue
18.8. SCC Testing and Evaluation of Magnesium Alloys
18.8.1. Static Loading of Smooth Specimens and General Considerations
18.8.2. Stresses
18.8.3. Solutions and Operational Conditions
18.8.4. Constant Extension Rate and Linearly Increasing Stress Tests
18.8.5. SCC CERT Versus LIST Techniques
References
Part Six Bibliography, International Units, and Abbreviations
Appendix 1. Corrosion and Prevention Books, Data, and ASTM Standards
A1.1. Some Recommended Books on Corrosion
A1.2. Bibliography of Corrosion Data for Performance of Materials
A1.3. ASTM Standards
Appendix 2. International Units and Some Equations
A2.1. Constants, Conventions, and Key Equations
A2.1.1. Constants
A2.1.2. Conventions
A2.1.3. Key Equations
A2.2. Examples of Reference Electrodes and Metallic and Ionic Reduction Reactions
A2.3. Electrochemical Cells and Their Potentials
A2.4. Standard Electrode Potential of Cations (T=25 °C)
A2.5. The Periodic Table
Appendix 3. Abbreviations and Symbols
Index

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