Genetic Variation in Mansionia altissima A. Chev. And Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum under Different Regimes of Human Impact in Akure Forest Reserve, Nigeria

Humans have exploited forests for thousands of years as they seek to use forest species as resources for food, fuel and timber, or to clear forested land for agricultural and urban purposes. In modern times, forests exposed to intensive human disturbance are the species-rich tropical forest ecosystems. For instance, Nigeria has the world's highest deforestation rate of primary forests. Between 2000 and 2005, 55.7 percent of primary forests in the country, defined as forests with no visible signs of past or present human activities, were lost as a result of human activities such as logging, subsistence agriculture, and the collection of fuelwood. Since genetic diversity within species is crucial for their long-term survival, conservation of genetic diversity in tree species should be given high priority. For effective conservation of genetic diversity in tree species in a country where prevalent human activities are shrinking its forests, effects of human activities on genetic diversity in tree species need to be analysed. This dissertation aims at analysing and comparing effects of human impacts on genetic diversity in Mansonia altissima A. Chev. and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Mansonia altissima and Triplochiton scleroxylon are important West African timber tree species of family Sterculiaceae with contrasting successional status. Mansonia altissima is a non-pioneer light demanding tree species, characteristically more abundant in closed forests, whereas Triplochiton scleroxylon is a pioneer species predominant in open forests. Since human disturbances tend to have opposite impacts on the regeneration potential of these two species, also different effects on genetic diversity levels were expected. Fresh leaves of adult trees and saplings of both species were collected from the same plots in Akure Forest Reserve, Nigeria namely: an isolated forest patch, a logged forest and a primary forest with no visible signs of past or present human activities. Additionally, samples were collected from a plantation for M. altissima and a farmland population for T. scleroxylon. DNA isolated from the leave samples was analysed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The result showed that the pioneer species Triplochiton scleroxylon (He = 0.267; PPL = 63.1; Br = 1.450) is by far more variable than the non-pioneer light demanding species Mansonia altissima (He = 0.045; PPL = 16.8; Br = 1.162). With regard to the effect of human impact on the genetic diversity, contrasting results were obtained for the two species. For Mansonia altissima, the highest diversity was observed in the Primary Forest (He = 0.062; PPL = 21.0; Br = 1.204), while the lowest estimate was found in the isolated forest patch (He = 0.032; PPL = 9.0; Br = 1.089). Conversely, for Triplochiton scleroxylon, the diversity estimates were lowest in the primary forest (He = 0.249; PPL = 59.1; Br = 1.211) and highest in the isolated forest patch (He = 0.277; PPL = 67.2; Br = 1.625). Genetic differentiation among populations in the two species was weak (Mansonia altissima ΦST = 0.039; Triplochiton scleroxylon ΦST = 0.041). In the spatial genetic structure analyses, a significant spatial genetic structure was found only in logged and isolated patch populations of Mansonia altissima. In the context of other studies, it can be assumed that tropical non-pioneer tree species are likely to show a lower genetic diversity than tropical pioneer species. In addition, results from this study suggest that non-pioneer tree species might be more susceptible to genetic erosion due to adverse human impacts than pioneer tree species. From a conservation point of view, the low genetic diversity in Mansonia altissima suggests that the maintenance of genetic diversity in M. altissima requires urgent attention, and the scale of human impact in the study area could pose a serious threat to the future viability of Mansonia altissima if no conservation measures are taken.