Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Energy Technologies

Contributor contact details Introduction Part I: The hydrogen embrittlement problem Chapter 1: Hydrogen production and containment Abstract: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary vessels in hydrogen service 1.3 Department of Transportation (DOT) steel transport vessels 1.4 Fracture mechanics method for steel hydrogen vessel design 1.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary composite vessels 1.6 Composite transport vessels 1.7 Hydrogen pipelines 1.8 Gaseous hydrogen leakage 1.9 Joint design and selection 1.10 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code leak and pressure testing Chapter 2: Hydrogen-induced disbonding and embrittlement of steels used in petrochemical refining Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Petrochemical refining 2.3 Problems during/after cooling of reactors 2.4 Effect of hydrogen content on mechanical properties 2.5 Conclusion Chapter 3: Assessing hydrogen embrittlement in automotive hydrogen tanks Abstract: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Experimental details 3.3 Results and discussion 3.4 Conclusions and future trends Chapter 4: Gaseous hydrogen issues in nuclear waste disposal Abstract: 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nature of nuclear wastes and their disposal environments 4.3 Gaseous hydrogen issues in the disposal of high activity wastes Chapter 5: Hydrogen embrittlement in nuclear power systems Abstract: 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Experimental methods 5.3 Environmental factors 5.4 Metallurgical effects 5.5 Conclusions 5.6 Acknowledgements Chapter 6: Standards and codes to control hydrogen-induced cracking in pressure vessels and pipes for hydrogen gas storage and transport Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic code selected for pressure vessels 6.3 Code for piping and pipelines 6.4 Additional code requirements for high pressure hydrogen applications 6.5 Methods for calculating the design cyclic (fatigue) life 6.6 Example of crack growth in a high pressure hydrogen environment 6.7 Summary and conclusions Part II: Characterisation and analysis of hydrogen embrittlement Chapter 7: Fracture and fatigue test methods in hydrogen gas Abstract: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 General considerations for conducting tests in external hydrogen 7.3 Test methods 7.4 Conclusions 7.5 Acknowledgements Chapter 8: Mechanics of modern test methods and quantitative-accelerated testing for hydrogen embrittlement Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 General aspects of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) testing 8.3 Smooth specimens 8.4 Pre-cracked specimens - the fracture mechanics (FM) approach to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 8.5 Limitations of the linear elastic fracture mechanics (FM) approach 8.6 Future trends 8.7 Conclusions Chapter 9: Metallographic and fractographic techniques for characterising and understanding hydrogen-assisted cracking of metals Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Characterisation of microstructures and hydrogen distributions 9.3 Crack paths with respect to microstructure 9.4 Characterising fracture-surface appearance (and interpretation of features) 9.5 Determining fracture-surface crystallography 9.6 Characterising slip-distributions and strains around cracks 9.7 Determining the effects of solute hydrogen on dislocation activity 9.8 Determining the effects of adsorbed hydrogen on surfaces 9.9 In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of fracture in thin foils and other TEM studies 9.10 'Critical' experiments for determining mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC 9.11 Proposed mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) 9.12 Conclusions 9.13 Acknowledgements Chapter 10: Fatigue crack initiation and fatigue life of metals exposed to hydrogen Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Effect of hydrogen on total-life fatigue testing and fatigue crack growth (FCG) threshold stress intensity range 10.3 Mechanisms of fatigue crack initiation (FCI) 10.4 Conclusions 10.