Electron Optics

Preface to the Second English EditionPreface to the First English EditionPart 1. Optics 1. Fundamental Features and Basic Techniques 1.1 The Historical Background 1.2 Outline of a Demonstration in Electron Optics 1.3 The Object 1.4 The Fluorescent Screen 1.5 Photography 1.6 The Optical Bench 2. The Distribution of Potential and Field in Electrostatic Lenses 2.1 Solution of the Laplace Equation 2.2 The Electrolytic Tank 2.3 The Resistance Network 3. The Field Distribution in Magnetic Lenses 3.1 Direct Calculation of the Magnetic Field 3.2 Direct Methods of Measuring the Induction B and Its Gradient 3.3 The Use of Electrical Analogues 4. The Optical Properties of Electrostatic Lenses 4.1 Image Formation 4.2 The Gaussian Approximation 4.3 Optical Formalism 4.4 Relativistic Lenses 4.5 Practical Determination of Electron Trajectories 4.6 Experimental Determination of the Standard Cardinal Elements 5. The Optical Properties of Magnetic Lenses 5.1 The Form of the Trajectories in an Axially Symmetric Field 5.2 The Gaussian Approximation 5.3 Properties of Magnetic Lenses 5.4 Relativistic Lenses 5.5 Methods of Determining the Fundamental Rays 5.6 Calculation of the Trajectories and Optical Elements 6. Similarities and Differences between Glass Optics and Electron Optics 6.1 Electrostatic Lenses 6.2 Magnetic Lenses 6.3 The Refractive Index in Interference Phenomena and the "Wave" Mechanics of the Electron 7. Lens Defects 7.1 The Limits of the Gaussian Approximation 7.2 Third Order Aberrations 7.3 Calculation of the Aberration Coefficients 7.4 Chromatic Aberration 7.5 Mechanical Defects 7.6 Measurement of the Aberration Coefficients, and Their Orders of Magnitude 7.7 Correction of the Aberrations 8. Some Electrostatic Lenses and Triode Guns 8.1 Two Coaxial Cylinders 8.2 Lenses Formed from Three Diaphragms 8.3 "Mesh" or "Grid" Lenses 8.4 The Immersion Objective 8.5 The Triode Electron Gun 9. Magnetic Lens Models 9.1 The Long Solenoid 9.2 Models Representing Short Systems 9.3 The Unshielded Short Coil 9.4 Shielded Coils 9.5 Superconducting Coils 10. Strong Focusing Lenses 10.1 The Strong Focusing Principle 10.2 The Field Distribution 10.3 The First Order Optical Properties 10.4 Combinations of Lenses 10.5 A Chain of N Identical Crossed Quadrupole Lenses 10.6 Applications of Quadrupole Lenses 10.7 The Aberrations of Quadrupole Lenses 10A. Prism Optics 10A.1 Magnetic Prisms 10A.2 Electrostatic PrismsTable 1. Some Useful ConstantsTable 2. Some Useful FormulaTable 3. Fundamental Characteristics of Free Electrons in MotionTable 4. The Legendre Functions of Fractional OrderBibliographyIndex