Ruby Way, The

Name: Ruby Way, The | Solutions and Techniques in Ruby Programming, Portable Documents
Brand: Addison Wesley
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Solutions and Techniques in Ruby Programming, Portable Documents

Hal Fulton Andre Arko(Autor*in)

Addison Wesley (Verlag)

3. Auflage

Erschienen am 18. Februar 2015

816 Seiten

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Beschreibung

For more than a decade, Ruby developers have turned to The Ruby Way for reliable "how-to" guidance on effective Ruby programming. Now, Hal Fulton and Andre Arko have thoroughly updated this classic guide to cover new language enhancements and developers' experiences through Ruby 2.1.

The new edition illuminates Ruby 2.1 through 400+ examples, each answering the question: "How do I do this in Ruby?" For each example, they present both a task description and realistic technical constraints. Next, they walk step-by-step through presenting one good solution, offering detailed explanations to promote deeper understanding.

Conveniently organized by topic, The Ruby Way, Third Edition makes it easier than ever to find the specific solution you want-and to write better code by reflecting Ruby's unique philosophy and spirit.

Coverage includes

Ruby 2.1 overview: terminology, philosophy, and basic principles
Best practices for strings and regular expressions
Efficiently internationalizing your code
Performing calculations (including trigonometry, calculus, statistics, and time/date calculations)
Working with "Rubyesque" objects such as symbols and ranges
Using arrays, hashes, stacks, queues, trees, graphs, and other data structures
Efficiently storing data with YAML, JSON, and SQLite3
Leveraging object-oriented and dynamic features, from multiple constructors to program inspection
Building GUIs with Shoes 4, Ruby/Tk, Ruby/GTK3, QtRuby, and other toolkits
Improving thread performance by understanding Ruby's synchronization methods and avoiding its pitfalls
Automating system administration with Ruby
Data formats: JSON, XML, RSS, Atom, RMagick, PDF, and more
Testing and debugging with RSpec, Minitest, Cucumber, byebug, and pry
Measuring Ruby program performance
Packaging and distributing code, and managing dependencies with Bundler
Network programming: clients, time servers, POP, SMTP, IMAP, Open-URI
Web applications: HTTP servers, Rails, Sinatra, HTML generation, and more
Writing distributed Ruby software with drb
Choosing modern development tools that maximize your productivity

All source code for this book may be downloaded at www.rubyhacker.com.

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Inhalt

Foreword xxiv

Acknowledgments xxviii

About the Authors xxxii

Introduction xxxiii

1 Ruby in Review 1

1.1 An Introduction to Object Orientation 2

1.1.1 What Is an Object? 2

1.1.2 Inheritance 4

1.1.3 Polymorphism 6

1.1.4 A Few More Terms 7

1.2 Basic Ruby Syntax and Semantics 8

1.2.1 Keywords and Identifiers 9

1.2.2 Comments and Embedded Documentation 10

1.2.3 Constants, Variables, and Types 11

1.2.4 Operators and Precedence 13

1.2.5 A Sample Program 14

1.2.6 Looping and Branching 17

1.2.7 Exceptions 22

1.3 OOP in Ruby 25

1.3.1 Objects 26

1.3.2 Built-in Classes 26

1.3.3 Modules and Mixins 28

1.3.4 Creating Classes 29

1.3.5 Methods and Attributes 34

1.4 Dynamic Aspects of Ruby 36

1.4.1 Coding at Runtime 36

1.4.2 Reflection 38

1.4.3 Missing Methods 40

1.4.4 Garbage Collection 40

1.5 Training Your Intuition: Things to Remember 41

1.5.1 Syntax Issues 41

1.5.2 Perspectives in Programming 44

1.5.3 Ruby's case Statement 47

1.5.4 Rubyisms and Idioms 50

1.5.5 Expression Orientation and Other Miscellaneous Issues 57

1.6 Ruby Jargon and Slang 59

1.7 Conclusion 62

2 Working with Strings 63

2.1 Representing Ordinary Strings 64

2.2 Representing Strings with Alternate Notations 65

2.3 Using Here-Documents 65

2.4 Finding the Length of a String 67

2.5 Processing a Line at a Time 68

2.6 Processing a Character or Byte at a Time 68

2.7 Performing Specialized String Comparisons 69

2.8 Tokenizing a String 71

2.9 Formatting a String 73

2.10 Using Strings as IO Objects 74

2.11 Controlling Uppercase and Lowercase 74

2.12 Accessing and Assigning Substrings 75

2.13 Substituting in Strings 78

2.14 Searching a String 79

2.15 Converting Between Characters and ASCII Codes 80

2.16 Implicit and Explicit Conversion 80

2.17 Appending an Item onto a String 83

2.18 Removing Trailing Newlines and Other Characters 83

2.19 Trimming Whitespace from a String 84

2.20 Repeating Strings 85

2.21 Embedding Expressions within Strings 85

2.22 Delayed Interpolation of Strings 86

2.23 Parsing Comma-Separated Data 86

2.24 Converting Strings to Numbers (Decimal and Otherwise) 87

2.25 Encoding and Decoding rot13 Text 89

2.26 Encrypting Strings 90

2.27 Compressing Strings 91

2.28 Counting Characters in Strings 92

2.29 Reversing a String 92

2.30 Removing Duplicate Characters 93

2.31 Removing Specific Characters 93

2.32 Printing Special Characters 93

2.33 Generating Successive Strings 94

2.34 Calculating a 32-Bit CRC 94

2.35 Calculating the SHA-256 Hash of a String 95

2.36 Calculating the Levenshtein Distance Between Two Strings 96

2.37 Encoding and Decoding Base64 Strings 98

2.38 Expanding and Compressing Tab Characters 98

2.39 Wrapping Lines of Text 99

2.40 Conclusion 100

3 Working with Regular Expressions 101

3.1 Regular Expression Syntax 102

3.2 Compiling Regular Expressions 104

3.3 Escaping Special Characters 105

3.4 Using Anchors 105

3.5 Using Quantifiers 106

3.6 Positive and Negative Lookahead 109

3.7 Positive and Negative Lookbehind 110

3.8 Accessing Backreferences 111

3.9 Named Matches 114

3.10 Using Character Classes 116

3.11 Extended Regular Expressions 118

3.12 Matching a Newline with a Dot 119

3.13 Using Embedded Options 119

3.14 Using Embedded Subexpressions 120

3.14.1 Recursion in Regular Expressions 121

3.15 A Few Sample Regular Expressions 122

3.15.1 Matching an IP Address 122

3.15.2 Matching a Keyword-Value Pair 123

3.15.3 Matching Roman Numerals 124

3.15.4 Matching Numeric Constants 125

3.15.5 Matching a Date/Time String 125

3.15.6 Detecting Doubled Words in Text 126

3.15.7 Matching All-Caps Words 127

3.15.8 Matching Version Numbers 127

3.15.9 A Few Other Patterns 127

3.16 Conclusion 128

4 Internationalization in Ruby 129

4.1 Background and Terminology 131

4.2 Working with Character Encodings 135

4.2.1 Normalization 136

4.2.2 Encoding Conversions 139

4.2.3 Transliteration 141

4.2.4 Collation 141

4.3 Translations 144

4.3.1 Defaults 146

4.3.2 Namespaces 147

4.3.3 Interpolation 148

4.3.4 Pluralization 149

4.4 Localized Formatting 151

4.4.1 Dates and Times 151

4.4.2 Numbers 152

4.4.3 Currencies 153

4.5 Conclusion 153

5 Performing Numerical Calculations 155

5.1 Representing Numbers in Ruby 156

5.2 Basic Operations on Numbers 157

5.3 Rounding Floating Point Values 158

5.4 Comparing Floating Point Numbers 160

5.5 Formatting Numbers for Output 162

5.6 Formatting Numbers with Commas 162

5.7 Working with Very Large Integers 163

5.8 Using BigDecimal 163

5.9 Working with Rational Values 166

5.10 Matrix Manipulation 167

5.11 Working with Complex Numbers 171

5.12 Using mathn 172

5.13 Finding Prime Factorization, GCD, and LCM 173

5.14 Working with Prime Numbers 174

5.15 Implicit and Explicit Numeric Conversion 175

5.16 Coercing Numeric Values 176

5.17 Performing Bit-Level Operations on Numbers 177

5.18 Performing Base Conversions 179

5.19 Finding Cube Roots, Fourth Roots, and So On 180

5.20 Determining the Architecture's Byte Order 181

5.21 Numerical Computation of a Definite Integral 182

5.22 Trigonometry in Degrees, Radians, and Grads 183

5.23 Finding Logarithms with Arbitrary Bases 184

5.24 Finding the Mean, Median, and Mode of a Data Set 185

5.25 Variance and Standard Deviation 187

5.26 Finding a Correlation Coefficient 187

5.27 Generating Random Numbers 189

5.28 Caching Functions with Memoization 190

5.29 Conclusion 191

6 Symbols and Ranges 193

6.1 Symbols 193

6.1.1 Symbols as Enumerations 195

6.1.2 Symbols as Metavalues 196

6.1.3 Symbols, Variables, and Methods 197

6.1.4 Converting to/from Symbols 197

6.2 Ranges 199

6.2.1 Open and Closed Ranges 199

6.2.2 Finding Endpoints 200

6.2.3 Iterating Over Ranges 200

6.2.4 Testing Range Membership 201

6.2.5 Converting to Arrays 202

6.2.6 Backward Ranges 202

6.2.7 The Flip-Flop Operator 203

6.2.8 Custom Ranges 206

6.3 Conclusion 209

7 Working with Times and Dates 211

7.1 Determining the Current Time 212

7.2 Working with Specific Times (Post-Epoch) 212

7.3 Determining the Day of the Week 214

7.4 Determining the Date of Easter 215

7.5 Finding the Nth Weekday in a Month 215

7.6 Converting Between Seconds and Larger Units 217

7.7 Converting to and from the Epoch 217

7.8 Working with Leap Seconds: Don't! 218

7.9 Finding the Day of the Year 219

7.10 Validating a Date or Time 219

7.11 Finding the Week of the Year 220

7.12 Detecting Leap Years 221

7.13 Obtaining the Time Zone 222

7.14 Working with Hours and Minutes Only 222

7.15 Comparing Time Values 223

7.16 Adding Intervals to Time Values 223

7.17 Computing the Difference in Two Time Values 224

7.18 Working with Specific Dates (Pre-Epoch) 224

7.19 Time, Date, and DateTime 225

7.20 Parsing a Date or Time String 225

7.21 Formatting and Printing Time Values 226

7.22 Time Zone Conversions 227

7.23 Determining the Number of Days in a Month 228

7.24 Dividing a Month into Weeks 229

7.25 Conclusion 230

8 Arrays, Hashes, and Other Enumerables 231

8.1 Working with Arrays 232

8.1.1 Creating and Initializing an Array 232

8.1.2 Accessing and Assigning Array Elements 233

8.1.3 Finding an Array's Size 235

8.1.4 Comparing Arrays 235

8.1.5 Sorting an Array 237

8.1.6 Selecting from an Array by Criteria 240

8.1.7 Using Specialized Indexing Functions 242

8.1.8 Implementing a Sparse Matrix 244

8.1.9 Using Arrays as Mathematical Sets 244

8.1.10 Randomizing an Array 248

8.1.11 Using Multidimensional Arrays 249

8.1.12 Finding Elements in One Array But Not Another 250

8.1.13 Transforming or Mapping Arrays 250

8.1.14 Removing nil Values from an Array 251

8.1.15 Removing Specific Array Elements 251

8.1.16 Concatenating and Appending onto Arrays 253

8.1.17 Using an Array as a Stack or Queue 254

8.1.18 Iterating over an Array 254

8.1.19 Interposing Delimiters to Form a String 255

8.1.20 Reversing an Array 256

8.1.21 Removing Duplicate Elements from an Array 256

8.1.22 Interleaving Arrays 256

8.1.23 Counting Frequency of Values in an Array 257

8.1.24 Inverting an Array to Form a Hash 257

8.1.25 Synchronized Sorting of Multiple Arrays 258

8.1.26 Establishing a Default Value for New Array Elements 259

8.2 Working with Hashes 260

8.2.1 Creating a New Hash 260

8.2.2 Specifying a Default Value for a Hash 261

8.2.3 Accessing and Adding Key-Value Pairs 262

8.2.4 Deleting Key-Value Pairs 264

8.2.5 Iterating Over a Hash 264

8.2.6 Inverting a Hash 265

8.2.7 Detecting Keys and Values in a Hash 265

8.2.8 Extracting Hashes into Arrays 266

8.2.9 Selecting Key-Value Pairs by Criteria 266

8.2.10 Sorting a Hash 267

8.2.11 Merging Two Hashes 268

8.2.12 Creating a Hash from an Array 268

8.2.13 Finding Difference or Intersection of Hash Keys 268

8.2.14 Using a Hash as a Sparse Matrix 269

8.2.15 Implementing a Hash with Duplicate Keys 270

8.2.16 Other Hash Operations 273

8.3 Enumerables in General 273

8.3.1 The inject Method 274

8.3.2 Using Quantifiers 275

8.3.3 The partition Method 276

8.3.4 Iterating by Groups 277

8.3.5 Converting to Arrays or Sets 278

8.3.6 Using Enumerator Objects 278

8.4 More on Enumerables 280

8.4.1 Searching and Selecting 280

8.4.2 Counting and Comparing 281

8.4.3 Iterating 282

8.4.4 Extracting and Converting 283

8.4.5 Lazy Enumerators 284

8.5 Conclusion 285

9 More Advanced Data Structures 287

9.1 Working with Sets 288

9.1.1 Simple Set Operations 288

9.1.2 More Advanced Set Operations 290

9.2 Working with Stacks and Queues 291

9.2.1 Implementing a Stricter Stack 293

9.2.2 Detecting Unbalanced Punctuation in Expressions 294

9.2.3 Understanding Stacks and Recursion 295

9.2.4 Implementing a Stricter Queue 297

9.3 Working with Trees 298

9.3.1 Implementing a Binary Tree 298

9.3.2 Sorting Using a Binary Tree 300

9.3.3 Using a Binary Tree as a Lookup Table 302

9.3.4 Converting a Tree to a String or Array 303

9.4 Working with Graphs 304

9.4.1 Implementing a Graph as an Adjacency Matrix 304

9.4.2 Determining Whether a Graph Is Fully Connected 307

9.4.3 Determining Whether a Graph Has an Euler Circuit 308

9.4.4 Determining Whether a Graph Has an Euler Path 309

9.4.5 Graph Tools in Ruby 310

9.5 Conclusion 310

10 I/O and Data Storage 311

10.1 Working with Files and Directories 313

10.1.1 Opening and Closing Files 313

10.1.2 Updating a File 314

10.1.3 Appending to a File 315

10.1.4 Random Access to Files 315

10.1.5 Working with Binary Files 316

10.1.6 Locking Files 318

10.1.7 Performing Simple I/O 318

10.1.8 Performing Buffered and Unbuffered I/O 320

10.1.9 Manipulating File Ownership and Permissions 321

10.1.10 Retrieving and Setting Timestamp Information 323

10.1.11 Checking File Existence and Size 325

10.1.12 Checking Special File Characteristics 326

10.1.13 Working with Pipes 328

10.1.14 Performing Special I/O Operations 329

10.1.15 Using Nonblocking I/O 330

10.1.16 Using readpartial 331

10.1.17 Manipulating Pathnames 331

10.1.18 Using the Pathname Class 333

10.1.19 Command-Level File Manipulation 334

10.1.20 Grabbing Characters from the Keyboard 336

10.1.21 Reading an Entire File into Memory 336

10.1.22 Iterating Over a File by Lines 337

10.1.23 Iterating Over a File by Byte or Character 337

10.1.24 Treating a String As a File 338

10.1.25 Copying a Stream 339

10.1.26 Working with Character Encodings 339

10.1.27 Reading Data Embedded in a Program 339

10.1.28 Reading Program Source 340

10.1.29 Working with Temporary Files 340

10.1.30 Changing and Setting the Current Directory 341

10.1.31 Changing the Current Root 342

10.1.32 Iterating Over Directory Entries 342

10.1.33 Getting a List of Directory Entries 342

10.1.34 Creating a Chain of Directories 342

10.1.35 Deleting a Directory Recursively 343

10.1.36 Finding Files and Directories 343

10.2 Higher-Level Data Access 344

10.2.1 Simple Marshaling 345

10.2.2 "Deep Copying" with Marshal 346

10.2.3 More Complex Marshaling 346

10.2.4 Marshaling with YAML 347

10.2.5 Persisting Data with JSON 349

10.2.6 Working with CSV Data 350

10.2.7 SQLite3 for SQL Data Storage 352

10.3 Connecting to External Data Stores 353

10.3.1 Connecting to MySQL Databases 354

10.3.2 Connecting to PostgreSQL Databases 356

10.3.3 Object-Relational Mappers (ORMs) 358

10.3.4 Connecting to Redis Data Stores 359

10.4 Conclusion 360

11 OOP and Dynamic Features in Ruby 361

11.1 Everyday OOP Tasks 362

11.1.1 Using Multiple Constructors 362

11.1.2 Creating Instance Attributes 364

11.1.3 Using More Elaborate Constructors 366

11.1.4 Creating Class-Level Attributes and Methods 368

11.1.5 Inheriting from a Superclass 372

11.1.6 Testing Classes of Objects 374

11.1.7 Testing Equality of Objects 377

11.1.8 Controlling Access to Methods 378

11.1.9 Copying an Object 381

11.1.10 Using initialize_copy 383

11.1.11 Understanding allocate 384

11.1.12 Working with Modules 384

11.1.13 Transforming or Converting Objects 388

11.1.14 Creating Data-Only Classes (Structs) 390

11.1.15 Freezing Objects 391

11.1.16 Using tap in Method Chaining 393

11.2 More Advanced Techniques 394

11.2.1 Sending an Explicit Message to an Object 394

11.2.2 Specializing an Individual Object 396

11.2.3 Nesting Classes and Modules 399

11.2.4 Creating Parametric Classes 400

11.2.5 Storing Code as Proc Objects 403

11.2.6 Storing Code as Method Objects 405

11.2.7 Using Symbols as Blocks 406

11.2.8 How Module Inclusion Works 406

11.2.9 Detecting Default Parameters 409

11.2.10 Delegating or Forwarding 409

11.2.11 Defining Class-Level Readers and Writers 412

11.2.12 Working in Advanced Programming Disciplines 414

11.3 Working with Dynamic Features 416

11.3.1 Evaluating Code Dynamically 416

11.3.2 Retrieving a Constant by Name 418

11.3.3 Retrieving a Class by Name 418

11.3.4 Using define_method 419

11.3.5 Obtaining Lists of Defined Entities 423

11.3.6 Removing Definitions 425

11.3.7 Handling References to Nonexistent Constants 427

11.3.8 Handling Calls to Nonexistent Methods 429

11.3.9 Improved Security with taint 430

11.3.10 Defining Finalizers for Objects 432

11.4 Program Introspection 433

11.4.1 Traversing the Object Space 434

11.4.2 Examining the Call Stack 435

11.4.3 Tracking Changes to a Class or Object Definition 435

11.4.4 Monitoring Program Execution 439

11.5 Conclusion 441

12 Graphical Interfaces for Ruby 443

12.1 Shoes 4 444

12.1.1 Starting Out with Shoes 444

12.1.2 An Interactive Button 445

12.1.3 Text and Input 446

12.1.4 Layout 448

12.1.5 Images and Shapes 450

12.1.6 Events 450

12.1.7 Other Notes 451

12.2 Ruby/Tk 452

12.2.1 Overview 452

12.2.2 A Simple Windowed Application 453

12.2.3 Working with Buttons 455

12.2.4 Working with Text Fields 459

12.2.5 Working with Other Widgets 463

12.2.6 Other Notes 467

12.3 Ruby/GTK3 467

12.3.1 Overview 467

12.3.2 A Simple Windowed Application 468

12.3.3 Working with Buttons 469

12.3.4 Working with Text Fields 471

12.3.5 Working with Other Widgets 474

12.3.6 Other Notes 479

12.4 QtRuby 480

12.4.1 Overview 480

12.4.2 A Simple Windowed Application 480

12.4.3 Working with Buttons 481

12.4.4 Working with Text Fields 483

12.4.5 Working with Other Widgets 485

12.4.6 Other Notes 490

12.5 Swing 491

12.6 Other GUI Toolkits 493

12.6.1 UNIX and X11 493

12.6.2 FXRuby (FOX) 493

12.6.3 RubyMotion for iOS and Mac OS X 494

12.6.4 The Windows Win32API 494

12.7 Conclusion 494

13 Threads and Concurrency 495

13.1 Creating and Manipulating Threads 497

13.1.1 Creating Threads 497

13.1.2 Accessing Thread-Local Variables 498

13.1.3 Querying and Changing Thread Status 500

13.1.4 Achieving a Rendezvous (and Capturing a Return Value) 505

13.1.5 Dealing with Exceptions 506

13.1.6 Using a Thread Group 508

13.2 Synchronizing Threads 509

13.2.1 Performing Simple Synchronization 511

13.2.2 Synchronizing Access with a Mutex 512

13.2.3 Using the Built-in Queue Classes 515

13.2.4 Using Condition Variables 517

13.2.5 Other Synchronization Techniques 518

13.2.6 Setting a Timeout for an Operation 522

13.2.7 Waiting for an Event 524

13.2.8 Collection Searching in Parallel 525

13.2.9 Recursive Deletion in Parallel 526

13.3 Fibers and Cooperative Multitasking 527

13.4 Conclusion 530

14 Scripting and System Administration 531

14.1 Running External Programs 532

14.1.1 Using system and exec 532

14.1.2 Capturing Command Output 533

14.1.3 Manipulating Processes 534

14.1.4 Manipulating Standard Input and Output 537

14.2 Command-Line Options and Arguments 538

14.2.1 Working with ARGV 538

14.2.2 Working with ARGF 539

14.2.3 Parsing Command-Line Options 540

14.3 The Shell Library 542

14.3.1 Using Shell for I/O Redirection 542

14.3.2 Other Notes on Shell 544

14.4 Accessing Environment Variables 545

14.4.1 Getting and Setting Environment Variables 545

14.4.2 Storing Environment Variables as an Array or Hash 546

14.5 Working with Files, Directories, and Trees 547

14.5.1 A Few Words on Text Filters 547

14.5.2 Copying a Directory Tree 548

14.5.3 Deleting Files by Age or Other Criteria 549

14.5.4 Determining Free Space on a Disk 550

14.6 Other Scripting Tasks 551

14.6.1 Distributing Ruby Programs 551

14.6.2 Piping into the Ruby Interpreter 552

14.6.3 Testing Whether a Program Is Running Interactively 553

14.6.4 Determining the Current Platform or Operating System 554

14.6.5 Using the Etc Module 554

14.7 Conclusion 555

15 Ruby and Data Formats 557

15.1 Parsing JSON 558

15.1.1 Navigating JSON Data 559

15.1.2 Handling Non-JSON Data Types 560

15.1.3 Other JSON Libraries 560

15.2 Parsing XML (and HTML) 561

15.2.1 Document Parsing 561

15.2.2 Stream Parsing 564

15.3 Working with RSS and Atom 566

15.3.1 Parsing Feeds 567

15.3.2 Generating Feeds 568

15.4 Manipulating Image Data with RMagick 569

15.4.1 Common Graphics Tasks 570

15.4.2 Special Effects and Transformations 573

15.4.3 The Drawing API 576

15.5 Creating PDF Documents with Prawn 579

15.5.1 Basic Concepts and Techniques 579

15.5.2 An Example Document 580

15.6 Conclusion 584

16 Testing and Debugging 585

16.1 Testing with RSpec 586

16.2 Testing with Minitest 589

16.3 Testing with Cucumber 594

16.4 Using the byebug Debugger 596

16.5 Using pry for Debugging 600

16.6 Measuring Performance 601

16.7 Pretty-Printing Objects 606

16.8 Not Covered Here 608

16.9 Conclusion 609

17 Packaging and Distributing Code 611

17.1 Libraries and Rubygems 612

17.1.1 Using Rubygems 612

17.1.2 Creating Gems 613

17.2 Managing Dependencies with Bundler 614

17.2.1 Semantic Versioning 615

17.2.2 Dependencies from Git 616

17.2.3 Creating Gems with Bundler 617

17.2.4 Private Gems 617

17.3 Using RDoc 618

17.3.1 Simple Markup 620

17.3.2 Advanced Documentation with Yard 622

17.4 Conclusion 623

18 Network Programming 625

18.1 Network Servers 627

18.1.1 A Simple Server: Time of Day 627

18.1.2 Implementing a Threaded Server 629

18.1.3 Case Study: A Peer-to-Peer Chess Server 630

18.2 Network Clients 638

18.2.1 Retrieving Truly Random Numbers from the Web 638

18.2.2 Contacting an Official Timeserver 641

18.2.3 Interacting with a POP Server 642

18.2.4 Sending Mail with SMTP 644

18.2.5 Interacting with an IMAP Server 647

18.2.6 Encoding/Decoding Attachments 649

18.2.7 Case Study: A Mail-News Gateway 651

18.2.8 Retrieving a Web Page from a URL 657

18.2.9 Using the Open-URI Library 658

18.3 Conclusion 658

19 Ruby and Web Applications 661

19.1 HTTP Servers 662

19.1.1 A Simple HTTP Server 662

19.1.2 Rack and Web Servers 664

19.2 Application Frameworks 667

19.2.1 Routing in Sinatra 668

19.2.2 Routing in Rails 669

19.2.3 Parameters in Sinatra 671

19.2.4 Parameters in Rails 672

19.3 Storing Data 673

19.3.1 Databases 674

19.3.2 Data Stores 676

19.4 Generating HTML 677

19.4.1 ERB 678

19.4.2 Haml 680

19.4.3 Other Templating Systems 681

19.5 The Asset Pipeline 681

19.5.1 CSS and Sass 682

19.5.2 JavaScript and CoffeeScript 683

19.6 Web Services via HTTP 686

19.6.1 JSON for APIs 686

19.6.2 REST (and REST-ish) APIs 687

19.7 Generating Static Sites 688

19.7.1 Middleman 688

19.7.2 Other Static Site Generators 690

19.8 Conclusion 690

20 Distributed Ruby 691

20.1 An Overview: Using drb 692

20.2 Case Study: A Stock Ticker Simulation 695

20.3 Rinda: A Ruby Tuplespace 698

20.4 Service Discovery with Distributed Ruby 703

20.5 Conclusion 704

21 Ruby Development Tools 705

21.1 Using Rake 706

21.2 Using irb 710

21.3 The Basics of pry 715

21.4 The ri Utility 716

21.5 Editor Support 717

21.5.1 Vim 717

21.5.2 Emacs 718

21.6 Ruby Version Managers 719

21.6.1 Using rvm 719

21.6.2 Using rbenv 720

21.6.3 Using chruby 721

21.7 Conclusion 722

22 The Ruby Community 723

22.1 Web Resources 723

22.2 Mailing Lists, Podcasts, and Forums 724

22.3 Ruby Bug Reports and Feature Requests 724

22.4 IRC Channels 725

22.5 Ruby Conferences 725

22.6 Local Ruby Groups 726

22.7 Conclusion 726

Index 727

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