Diabetes Drug Notes

Name: Diabetes Drug Notes
Brand: Wiley
Price: 71.99 EUR
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Miles Fisher Gerard A. McKay Andrea Llano(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 24. Juni 2022

400 Seiten

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978-1-119-78501-9 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Diabetes Drug Notes
Contents
FOREWORD
PREFACE
EDITORS AND C ONTRIBUTORS
Introduction
1 Clinical Pharmacology of Antidiabetic Drugs
Introduction
Clinical Pharmacology
Introduction
Pharmacodynamics
Action on a Receptor
Action on an Enzyme
Membrane Channels
Cytotoxic
Dose-Response Relationship
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution/Plasma Protein Binding
Clearance
Drug Metabolism and Elimination
Enzyme Induction and Inhibition
Renal Excretion
Drug Development and Clinical Trials
Introduction
Preclinical Development
Regulatory Approval
Clinical Trials
Microdosing
Phase 1 Trials
Phase 2 Trials
Phase 3 Trials
Phase 4 Trials
Drug Licensing of Antidiabetic Drugs
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Marketing Authorisation
Development and Licensing of Insulin
Insulin Regulatory Approval
Development and Approval of Biosimilar Insulin
Introduction
Insulin Production
Biosimilar vs. Generic Drugs
Regulatory Considerations for Biosimilars
Safety of Biosimilars
Interchangeability and Substitution
Prescribing Considerations for Biosimilars
Pharmacovigilance
Passive Pharmacovigilance
Active Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacoeconomics
Introduction
Utility Values
Health Economic Modelling
Sensitivity Analysis
Discounting
Indirect Comparison and Network Meta-analysis
Future Developments in Diabetes Clinical Pharmacology
Drug Development
Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacoeconomics
2 Metformin
Introduction
History of Biguanides
Phenformin and Lactic Acidosis
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Inhibition of Hepatic Glucose Production
Reduced Insulin Resistance
Intestinal Effects
Pharmacokinetics
Prescribing in Renal Impairment
Prescribing in Liver Disease
Prescribing in Heart Failure
Prescribing in Pregnancy
Glycaemic Efficacy
Safety and Side Effects
Lactic Acidosis
Outcome Trials
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
UKPDS
HOME Study
SPREAD-DIMCAD
Renal Effects
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
DPP
IDPP
CANOE
Metformin in Type 1 Diabetes
REMOVAL
Place of Metformin in Current and Future Practice
3 Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides
Introduction
History of Sulfonylureas
Pharmacology
Insulin Secretion from Beta Cells
Mechanism of Action
Insulin Secretion
Extra-pancreatic Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Gliclazide
Glimepiride
Glycaemic Efficacy
ADOPT
UKPDS
GRADE Study
Safety and Side Effects
Weight Gain
Hypoglycaemia
Other Side Effects
Outcome Trials
Cardiovascular Safety and Sulfonylureas
UGDP
UKPDS
ADVANCE
CAROLINA
TOSCA. IT
Meglitinides
Nateglinide
Repaglinide
Outcome Trials
NAVIGATOR
Place of Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides in Current and Future Practice
4 DPP-4 Inhibitors
Introduction
Pharmacology
Structure and Function of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
Sitagliptin
Saxagliptin
Vildagliptin
Alogliptin
Linagliptin
Other DPP-4 Inhibitors
Glycaemic Efficacy
VERIFY
GRADE
Safety and Side Effects
Side Effects
Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
Hepatic Side Effects of Alogliptin
Outcome Trials
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
SAVOR-TIMI 53
EXAMINE
TECOS
CARMELINA and CAROLINA
Vildagliptin Meta-analysis
Summary of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Renal Outcomes
Saxagliptin
Alogliptin
Sitagliptin
Linagliptin
Summary of Renal Effects
The Place of DPP-4 Inhibitors in Current and Future Practice
5 SGLT2 Inhibitors
Introduction
Pharmacology
Physiology of Sodium-dependent Glucose Transporters
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
Dapagliflozin
Canagliflozin
Empagliflozin
Ertugliflozin
Sotagliflozin
Other SGLT2 Inhibitors
Glycaemic Efficacy
Comparisons of SGLT2 Inhibitors with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Additional Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors
Body Weight
Blood Pressure
Side Effects and Safety
Genitourinary Infections
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Amputation
Other Adverse Effects
Outcome Trials
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials in Diabetes
EMPA-REG OUTCOME
The CANVAS Program
DECLARE-TIMI 58
VERTIS CV
Meta-analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Real-world Evidence of Cardiovascular Benefits
Renal Outcome Trials
CREDENCE
DAPA-CKD
SCORED
Empagliflozin
Ertugliflozin
Meta-analysis of Renal Outcomes
Real-world Evidence of Renal Benefit
Heart Failure Outcome Trials
DAPA-HF
The EMPEROR Trials Program
SOLOIST-WHF
Canagliflozin and Ertugliflozin
Meta-analysis of DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced
SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 1 Diabetes
Dapagliflozin in Type 1 Diabetes
Sotagliflozin in Type 1 Diabetes
Efficacy and Safety of Other SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Regulatory Approval in Type 1 Diabetes
Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Other Diseases
DARE-19
Place of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Current and Future Practice
Type 2 Diabetes
Chronic Kidney Disease and Heart Failure
Type 1 Diabetes
6 GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Introduction
Pharmacology
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and the Incretin Effect
Mechanism of Action
Pancreatic Actions
Extra-pancreatic Actions
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
Exenatide
Lixisenatide
Liraglutide
Dulaglutide
Semaglutide
Other GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Glycaemic Efficacy and Effect on Weight
Comparisons within Class
Comparisons with Other Antidiabetic Drugs
DPP-4 Inhibitors
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Insulin
Other Antidiabetic Drugs
Efficacy of Combinations of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists with Insulin
Other Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Cardiovascular System
Lipids
Side Effects and Safety
Side Effects
Safety
Thyroid Cancer
Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
Cholelithiasis
Outcome Trials
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
ELIXA
LEADER
SUSTAIN-6
EXSCEL
REWIND
Harmony Outcomes
PIONEER 6
AMPLITUDE-O
Meta-analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Summary of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Renal Outcomes
Renal Outcomes from Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Meta-analysis of Renal Outcomes from Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Other Diseases
Overweight and Obesity
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Place of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Current and Future Practice
7 Animal and Human Insulins
Introduction
Insulin Structure
Insulin Receptors
Insulin Physiology
Production and Pharmacokinetic Modifications
Improved Purification
Time Action Prolongation
Insulin Zinc Suspension
Protamine Zinc Insulin
Isophane or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin
Biphasic Insulins
Unified Formulation
Sources of Insulin
Beef Insulin
Pork Insulin
Human Insulin
Hypoglycaemia and Human Insulin
Limitations of Older Insulins
Short-acting Insulins
Intermediate and Long-acting Insulins
Time-Action Profile
Morning (Fasting) Hyperglycaemia
Variability
Intensified Insulin Therapy
DCCT and EDIC
UKPDS
Side Effects of Intensified Insulin Therapy
Hypoglycaemia
Weight Gain
Place of Human Insulin in Current and Future Therapy
Insulin Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
8 Short-acting Insulin Analogues
Introduction
Factors Affecting Absorption and Metabolism of Short-acting Insulin
Manufacturing Insulin Analogues
Short-acting Insulin Analogues
Insulin Lispro
Insulin Aspart
Insulin Glulisine
Meta-analysis of Short-acting Insulin Analogues
Biosimilar Short-acting Insulin Analogues
Second-generation Ultrafast-acting Insulin Analogues
Fast-acting Insulin Aspart
Ultra-rapid Insulin Lispro
Other Attempts to Improve Insulin Absorption and Inhaled Insulin
Technosphere Inhaled Insulin
Place of Short-acting Insulin Analogues in Current and Future Practice
Intensive Insulin Therapy
Structured Education
Alternative Routes of Insulin Delivery
9 Long-acting Insulin Analogues
Introduction
Older Strategies to Extend the Action of Insulin
Factors Affecting the Absorption and Action of Insulin
Development of Long-acting Insulin Analogues
Strategies to Modify the Action of Long-acting Insulin Analogues
Long-acting Insulin Analogues
Insulin Glargine
Glycaemic Efficacy and Risk of Hypoglycaemia with Glargine
ORIGIN
Insulin Detemir
Glycaemic Efficacy and Risk of Hypoglycaemia with Detemir
4-T
Insulin Degludec
Glycaemic Efficacy and Risk of Hypoglycaemia with Degludec
DEVOTE
U300 Glargine
Glycaemic Efficacy and Risk of Hypoglycaemia with U300 Glargine
Biosimilar Long-acting Insulin Analogues
Other Long-acting Insulin Analogues
Combinations of Long- and Short-acting Insulin Analogues
Meta-analysis of Glycaemic Efficacy of Long-acting Insulin Analogues
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Safety of Long-acting Insulin Analogues
The Place of Long-acting Insulin Analogues in Current and Future Practice
Advantages of Insulin Analogues
Patterns of Insulin Administration
Future Long-acting Insulin Analogues
10 Devices
Introduction
Insulin Pens
History
Modern Insulin Pens
Insulin Pumps
History
Modern Insulin Pumps
Glycaemic Efficacy of Insulin Pumps
Safety of Insulin Pumps
Potential Disadvantages of Pump Therapy
Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose
Blood Glucose Monitors
Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Intermittently Scanned (Flash) Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Real-time Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Ambulatory Glucose Profiles
Time in Range
Efficacy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Linkage of Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Insulin Pumps
Low-glucose Suspend
Hybrid Closed Loop
Efficacy of Closed Loop Systems
DIY Closed Loop
Guidelines on the Use of Devices
Insulin Pumps
Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Place of Devices in Current and Future Practice
11 Acarbose and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
Introduction
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Acarbose
Other Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
Glycaemic Efficacy
Safety and Side Effects
Outcome Trials
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
STOP-NIDDM
Voglibose Ph-3 Study
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Meta-analysis of Cardiovascular Events with Acarbose
ACE
Meta-analysis of Cardiovascular Events with Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
Place of Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors in Current and Future Practice
12 Glitazones and Glitazars
Introduction
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Pioglitazone
Glycaemic Efficacy
ADOPT
Other Effects of Glitazones
Safety and Side Effects
Side Effects
Safety
Cardiovascular Safety
Heart Failure
Bone Fractures
Bladder Cancer
Outcome Trials
Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
RECORD
TIDE
PROactive
IRIS
TOSCA. IT
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
DREAM
Other Trials on the Prevention of Diabetes
Glitazars
Aleglitazar
Saroglitazar
Place of Glitazones and in Current and Future Practice
Type 2 Diabetes
Prevention of Diabetes
13 Other Antidiabetic Drugs
Introduction
Pramlintide
Pharmacology
Glycaemic Efficacy
Efficacy in Type 1 Diabetes
Efficacy in Type 2 Diabetes
Safety
Colesevelam
Pharmacology
Glycaemic Efficacy
Cardiovascular Safety
Bromocriptine
Pharmacology
Glycaemic Efficacy
Cylcoset Safety Trial
Hydroxychloroquine
Pharmacology
Glycaemic Efficacy
Antiobesity Drugs
Orlistat
Pharmacology
Glycaemic Efficacy
XENDOS
Naltrexone/Bupropion
Pharmacology
Efficacy
Cardiovascular Safety
Phentermine and Phentermine/Topiramate
Pharmacology
Efficacy
Cardiovascular Safety
Place of Other Drugs in Current and Future Practice
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
14 Future Antidiabetic Drugs
Introduction
Dual and Triple Agonists
Physiology
GLP-1
GIP
Glucagon
Pharmacology of Multiagonist Therapies
GLP-1/GIP Receptor Dual Agonists
Tirzepatide
NNC0090-2746
GLP-1/Glucagon Receptor Dual Agonists
Cotadutide
Bamadutide
GLP-1/Glucagon Receptor Dual Agonists in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Triple Agonists
Imeglimin
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Glycaemic Efficacy and Safety
Regulatory Status
Place of New Antidiabetic Drugs in Future Practice
15 Guidelines on Antidiabetic Drugs
Introduction
Evidence-based Guidelines
Consensus Reports
Common Approaches and HbA1c Targets
Guidelines on the Use of Antidiabetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes
NICE
SIGN
ICGP
EASD and ADA Consensus Reports
ESC
IDF
Guidelines on the Management of Type 1 Diabetes
NICE
SIGN
ADA
ADA/ESD Consensus Report on the Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adults
Special Patient Groups
Use of Antidiabetic Drugs in Pregnancy
Use of Antidiabetic Drugs in Patients with Kidney Disease
KDIGO
ABCD
Use of Antidiabetic Drugs during Ramadan
Place of Guidelines in Current and Future Practice
16 Prescribing Antidiabetic Drugs
Introduction
Why Prescribe?
Therapeutic Inertia
Introduction
Causes of Therapeutic Inertia
Clinician-related Factors
Patient-related Factors
Healthcare System Factors
Overcoming Inertia
Polypharmacy
Introduction
Detecting and Managing Polypharmacy
Nonadherence
Introduction
Improving Adherence
The Patient with Problematic Hypoglycaemia
Introduction
Problematic Hypoglycaemia
Management of Problematic Hypoglycaemia
Identify and Characterise Hypoglycaemia
Review Risk Factors for Problematic Hypoglycaemia
Review Patient Education and Behaviour
Review Insulin
Prescribing in Renal Impairment
Introduction
Reduced Absorption
Increased Bioavailability
Reduced Renal Clearance
Metformin
Pioglitazone
Acarbose
Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides
Incretin-based Therapies
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Insulin
Prescribing in Liver Disease
Introduction
Liver Disease and Diabetes
Reduced Drug Absorption
Increased Volume of Distribution
Altered Protein Binding
Reduced Metabolism
Hepatic Blood Flow
Reduced Excretion
Metformin
Pioglitazone
Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides
Incretin-based Therapies
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Insulin
Acarbose
Prescribing in Cardiovascular Disease
Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease
Glycaemic Control
Choosing Antidiabetic Drugs with Cardiovascular Benefit
Management of Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Blood Pressure Management
Lipid Management
Antiplatelet Therapy
Acute Coronary Syndromes
Diabetes and Heart Failure
Pioglitazone
Saxagliptin
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Prescribing in Pregnancy
Introduction
Antidiabetic Drugs in Pregnancy
Other Drugs Used in Pregnancy
Breastfeeding
Prescribing in the Young
Prescribing in the Elderly
Introduction
Hypoglycaemia in the Elderly
The Patient with Type 1 Diabetes: a Therapeutic Journey (an Illustrative Case)
The Patient with Type 2 Diabetes: a Therapeutic Journey (an Illustrative Case)
Future Developments in Prescribing in Diabetes
APPENDIX
INDEX
EULA

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