Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators

Name: Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
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David Fischer Tom Moriarty(Autor*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

Erschienen am 28. April 2014

248 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Workshop Participants
Pellston Workshop Series
1 Introduction
1.1 Workshop Balance and Composition
2 Overview of the Honey Bee
2.1 Overview of Honey Bee Biology
3 Overview of Non-Apis Bees
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Non-Apis Bee Biology and Diversity
3.2.1 Generalist and Specialist Foragers
3.2.2 Social and Solitary Behavior
3.2.3 Status of Toxicity Testing for Non-Apis Bees
3.3 Opportunities for Non-Apis Bees to Inform Pollinator Risk Assessment
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Overview of Protection Goals forPollinators
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Elements and Proposed Protection Goals
4.3 Linking Protection Goals with Assessment Endpoints
4.4 Protection Goals and Monitoring
4.5 Conclusion
Reference
5 Overview of the Pesticide Risk Assessment and the Regulatory Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Current Approach for Assessing Effects of Pesticide Products to Pollinators
5.2.1 Risk Assessment for Systemic Compounds
5.2.2 Trigger Criterion and Levels of Concern
References
6 Problem Formulation for an Assessment of Risk to Honey Bees from Applications of Plant Protection Products to Agricultural Crops
6.1 What Is Problem Formulation?
6.1.1 Selecting Assessment Endpoints
6.1.2 Ecological Relevance
6.1.3 Susceptibility to Known or Potential Stressors
6.1.4 Defining and Relation of Assessment Endpoints to Protection Goals
6.1.5 Conceptual Models
6.2 Case 1: Problem Formulation for a Systemic Chemical Applied to the Soil, or as a Seed-Dressing
6.2.1 Stressor Description
6.2.2 Protection Goals
6.2.3 Assessment Endpoints
6.2.4 Conceptual Model
6.2.5 Analysis Plan
6.2.6 Data Needs for Exposure Characterization
6.2.7 Data Needs for Effects Characterization
6.2.8 Risk Characterization Approach
6.3 Case 2: Problem Formulation for a Contact Chemical Applied asaFoliar Spray
6.3.1 Stressor Description
6.3.2 Management Goals
6.3.3 Assessment Endpoints
6.3.4 Conceptual Model
6.3.5 Analysis Plan
6.3.6 Screening Assessment
6.3.7 Data Needs for Refined Exposure Characterization
6.3.8 Data Needs for Effects Characterization
6.3.9 Risk Characterization Approach
References
7 Assessing Exposure of Pesticidesto Bees
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Potential Exposure to Foraging Bees
7.1.2 Potential Exposure to Non-foraging Bees From Beeswax
7.1.3 Residue Movement Through the Hive
7.2 Potential Routes of Exposure for Non-Apis Bees
7.2.1 Nesting Sites and Nesting Materials for Non-Apis Species
7.3 Methods and Models for Estimating Exposure of Bees to Pesticides
7.3.1 Screening Level Exposure Estimates
7.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticide Active Ingredients Which Affect Exposure
7.5 Information Needed to Develop Refined Predictive Exposure Models
7.6 Predicted Contact Exposure for Foliar-Applied Products
7.7 Predicted Dietary Exposure for Foliar-Applied Products
7.8 Predicted Exposure for Soil and Seed Treatment Systemic Compounds
7.9 Predicted Exposure for Tree-Injected Compounds
7.10 Measuring Pesticides in Matrices Relevant for Assessing Exposureto Bees
7.11 Higher Tier Studies to Assess Exposure of Pesticides to Bees
7.11.1 Higher Tier Study to Evaluate Contact Exposure to Honey Bees
7.11.2 Higher Tier Exposure Studies Using Honey Bee Colonies
7.11.3 Studies to Evaluate Exposure from Seed Treatments and Soil Applications of Systemic Compounds
7.11.4 Field Treatments for Honey Bee Colonies, Spiked Sucrose, and Spiked Pollen
7.12 Health of Honey Bee Colonies Can Influence Exposure
7.13 Higher Tier Studies with Non-Apis Bee Species
7.13.1 Alfalfa Leafcutter Bees: Contamination of Nesting Materials
7.13.2 Using Non-Apis Bees to Measure Pesticide Contamination of Pollen and Nectar
7.13.3 Non-Apis (Solitary Species) as an Exposure Surrogate for Apis Bees
7.14 Summary and Recommendations
7.14.1 Exposure Estimates
7.14.2 Higher Tier Studies to Refine Exposure Assessments
7.14.3 Refining Oral Exposure of Honey Bees to Foliar-Applied Compounds
7.14.4 Refining Oral Exposure of Honey Bees to Soil-Applied and Seed Treatment Systemic Compounds
7.14.5 Refining Exposure of Non-Apis Bees
References
8 Assessing Effects Through Laboratory Toxicity Testing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Laboratory Testing Requirements Among Several Countries
8.2.1 Overview of Honey Bee Laboratory Testing in the European Union
8.2.2 Overview of Honey Bee Laboratory Testing for Regulatory Purposes in North America
8.3 Uncertainties in Current Testing Paradigms
8.4 Limitations and Suggested Improvements for Tier 1 Testing
8.4.1 Adult APIS Mellifera Worker Acute Toxicity
8.5 Adult Oral Chronic Toxicity-Apis Bees
8.6 Honey Bee Brood Tests in the Laboratory
8.7 Adult Toxicity Testing with Non-Apis Bees
8.7.1 Non-Apis Bee Testing Methods
8.7.2 Non-Apis Larval Testing
8.8 Sublethal Effects and Test Developments
8.8.1 Proboscis Extension Response in Laboratory
8.8.2 Artificial Flowers in Semi-Field Cage
8.8.3 Visual Learning Performance in a Maze
8.8.4 Radio-Frequency-Identification-Tagged Bees to Measure Foraging Behavior
8.9 Conclusions
References
9 Assessing Effects Through Semi-Field and Field Toxicity Testing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of Semi-Field and Field Studies
9.3 Design of a Semi-Field Study
9.3.1 When Would a Semi-Field Study Be Appropriate?
9.4 Outline of a Semi-Field Study for Apis and Non-Apis Bees
9.4.1 Design of a semi-field study for Apis bees
9.4.2 Design of a Semi-field Study for Non-Apis bees
9.4.3 Interpretation of Effects in Semi-Field Studies
9.4.4 Assessment of the Variability and Uncertainty in an Apis Semi-field Study
9.5 Design of a Field Study
9.5.1 When would a field study be appropriate?
9.6 Outline of a Field Study for Apis and Non-Apis Species
9.6.1 Design of a Field Study for apis mellifera
9.6.2 Long-term Risk to Honey Bees from Short-term Exposure
9.6.3 Interpretation of Effects
9.6.4 Design of a Field Study for Non-Apis Bees
9.6.5 Assessment of the Uncertainty in a Field Study
9.7 Role of Monitoring and Incident Reporting
9.8 Summary
References
10 Overview of a Proposed Ecological Risk Assessment Process for Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and Non-Apis Bees
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Protection Goals, Assessment and Measurement Endpoints, Trigger Values for Transitioning to Higher Levels of Refinement, and Risk Assessment Terminology
10.3 Risk Assessment Flowcharts
10.4 Spray Applications
10.5 Soil and Seed Treatment Applications for Systemic Substances
10.6 Screening-Level Risk Assessments (Tier 1)
10.7 Factors Limiting Certainty in Screening Assessments
10.8 Refinement Options for Screening-Level Risk Assessment
10.8.1 Refinement Options for Spray Applications
10.8.2 Soil or Seed Treatment Application for Systemic Substances (Also Including Trunk Injection)
10.9 Conclusions on the Risks and Recommendations
10.10 Recommending Risk Mitigation Measures
10.11 Additional Tools in Support of Risk Assessment and to Inform Risk Management
10.11.1 Modeling Tools
References
11 Ecological Modeling for Pesticide Risk Assessment for Honey Bees and Other Pollinators
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Example Model: Common Shrew
11.3 Rationale and Approaches of Mechanistic Effect Modeling
11.4 Modeling Practice for Risk Assessment
11.5 Existing Models of Pollinators
11.6 Discussion
References
12 Data Analysis Issues
12.1 Study Duration
12.2 Replicates and Dosing
12.3 Long-Term Tests
12.4 Statistical Models
13 Risk Mitigation and Performance Criteria
13.1 The Role of Risk Management in Pollinator Protection
13.2 Regulatory Risk Mitigation Methods
13.3 Non-Regulatory Risk Mitigation Methods
13.4 Suggested Techniques to Mitigate Risks to Other Species of Bees
13.4.1 Nesting and Moving Bees
13.4.2 Timing of Application
13.5 Pesticide Application Technologies to Mitigate Exposure to Bees
13.5.1 Mitigation for Exposure to Seed Treatment Dust
13.5.2 Seed Coating Quality
13.5.3 Seeding Technology
13.5.4 Soil Applied Uses
13.5.5 IPMCrop Rotation
13.5.6 Landscape Management
References
14 Recommendations for Future Research in Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators
14.1 Exposure
14.1.1 Consumption of Guttation Water As a Source of Exposure
14.1.2 Quantify In-hive Exposure To Larvae, Queens, and Other Hive Members for Use in Screening Assessments
14.2 Effects
14.2.1 Role of Inerts and Co-formulants
14.2.2 Comparisons Between Apis and Non-Apis Species
14.2.3 Testing for Sublethal Effects
14.2.4 Determining the Degree of Adult or Brood Loss That Affects Colony Productivity and Survival
14.2.5 Extrapolating From Semi-Field or Field Scale To Protection Goals
14.2.6 Efficacy of Mitigation Techniques
14.2.7 Investigating Interactive Effects of Pesticides
References
Appendix 1: Elements for a Chronic Adult Oral Toxicity Study
Appendix 2: Elements of a Larval Study
A2.1 Introduction: Importance of Larval Testing
A2.2 Proposed Elements for a Larval Study
A2.3 Larvae Termination and Collection
A2.4 Preparation of Rearing Material
A2.4.1 Rearing Cells
A2.4.2 Larval Food
A2.4.3 General Information Regarding Diet Preparation
A2.4.4 Pupation and Emergence
A2.4.5 Grafting and Feeding of Larvae
A2.4.6 Experimental Groups
A2.5 Preparation of the Pesticide Solutions
A2.5.1 Treatments
A2.5.2 Toxic Reference
A2.5.3 Definition of Mortality
A2.5.4 Mortality Assessments
A2.5.5 Validity Range of Data
A2.5.6 LD50 and LC50 Calculation
A2.5.7 Determination of the NOEC
References
Appendix 3: Elements of Artificial Flower Test
Reference
Appendix 4: Elements of the Visual Learning Test
A4.1 Strengths and Weaknesses
References
Appendix 5: Foraging Behavior with Radio Frequency Identification
A5.1 Experimental Procedure
References
Appendix 6: Detailed Description ofthe Proposed Overall Risk Assessment Scheme
A6.1 Sprayed Treatments
A6.2 Soil or Seed Treatment With Systemic Active Substances
References
Glossary of Terms
Index
Supplemental Images

Pellston Workshop Series

The workshop from which this book resulted, Potential Risks of Plant Protection Products to Pollinators, held in Pensacola Beach, Florida, USA, January 16–22, 2011, was part of the successful SETAC Pellston Workshop Series. Since 1977, Pellston Workshops have brought scientists together to evaluate current and prospective environmental issues. Each workshop has focused on a relevant environmental topic, and the proceedings of each have been published as peer-reviewed or informal reports. These documents have been widely distributed and are valued by environmental scientists, engineers, regulators, and managers for their technical basis and their comprehensive, state-of-the-science reviews. The workshops in the Pellston series are as follows:

Estimating the Hazard of Chemical Substances to Aquatic Life. Pellston, Michigan, June 13–17, 1977. Published by the American Society for Testing and Materials, STP 657, 1978.
Analyzing the Hazard Evaluation Process. Waterville Valley, New Hampshire, August 14–18, 1978. Published by the American Fisheries Society, 1979.
Biotransformation and Fate of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment. Pellston, Michigan, August 14–18, 1979. Published by the American Society of Microbiology, 1980.
Modeling the Fate of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment. Pellston, Michigan, August 16–21, 1981. Published by Ann Arbor Science, 1982.
Environmental Hazard Assessment of Effluents. Cody, Wyoming, August 23–27, 1982. Published as a SETAC Special Publication by Pergamon Press, 1985.
Fate and Effects of Sediment-Bound in Aquatic Systems. Florissant, Colorado, August 11–18, 1984. Published as a SETAC Special Publication by Pergamon Press, 1987.
Research Priorities in Environmental Risk Assessment. Breckenridge, Colorado, August 16–21, 1987. Published by SETAC, 1987.
Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress. Keystone, Colorado, July 23–28, 1989. Published as a SETAC Special Publication by Lewis Publishers, 1992.
Population Ecology and Wildlife Toxicology of Agricultural Pesticide Use: A Modeling Initiative for Avian Species. Kiawah Island, South Carolina, July 22–27, 1990. Published as a SETAC Special Publication by Lewis Publishers, 1994.
A Technical Framework for [Product] Life-Cycle Assessments. Smuggler's Notch, Vermont, August 18–23, 1990. Published by SETAC, January 1991; 2nd printing September 1991; 3rd printing March 1994.
Aquatic Microcosms for Ecological Assessment of Pesticides. Wintergreen, Virginia, October 7–11, 1991. Published by SETAC, 1992.
A Conceptual Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment Impact Assessment. Sandestin, Florida, February 1–6, 1992. Published by SETAC, 1993.
A Mechanistic Understanding of Bioavailability: Physical–Chemical Interactions. Pellston, Michigan, August 17–22, 1992. Published as a SETAC Special Publication by Lewis Publishers, 1994.
Life-Cycle Assessment Data Quality Workshop. Wintergreen, Virginia, October 4–9, 1992. Published by SETAC, 1994.
Avian Radio Telemetry in Support of Pesticide Field Studies. Pacific Grove, California, January 5–8, 1993. Published by SETAC, 1998.
Sustainability-Based Environmental Management. Pellston, Michigan, August 25–31, 1993. Co-sponsored by the Ecological Society of America. Published by SETAC, 1998.
Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Chlorinated Organic Chemicals. Alliston, Ontario, Canada, July 25–29, 1994. Published by SETAC, 1998.
Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Public Policy. Wintergreen, Virginia, August 14–19, 1994. Published by SETAC, 1997.
Ecological Risk Assessment Decision Support System. Pellston, Michigan, August 23–28, 1994. Published by SETAC, 1998.
Avian Toxicity Testing. Pensacola, Florida, December 4–7, 1994. Co-sponsored and published by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1996.
Chemical Ranking and Scoring (CRS): Guidelines for Developing and Implementing Tools for Relative Chemical Assessments. Sandestin, Florida, February 12–16, 1995. Published by SETAC, 1997.
Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sediments. Pacific Grove, California, April 23–28, 1995. Published by SETAC, 1997.
Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands. Fairmont, Montana, 30 July–3 August 1995. Published by SETAC, 1999.
Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessment. Pellston, Michigan, August 23–28, 1995. Published by SETAC, 1998.
Whole-Effluent Toxicity Testing: An Evaluation of Methods and Prediction of Receiving System Impacts. Pellston, Michigan, September 16–21, 1995. Published by SETAC, 1996.
Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Contaminants in Oviparous Vertebrates. Fairmont, Montana, July 13–18, 1997. Published by SETAC, 1999.
Multiple Stressors in Ecological Risk Assessment. Pellston, Michigan, September 13–18, 1997. Published by SETAC, 1999.
Re-evaluation of the State of the Science for Water Quality Criteria Development. Fairmont, Montana, June 25–30, 1998. Published by SETAC, 2003.
Criteria for Persistence and Long-Range Transport of Chemicals in the Environment. Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, July 14–19, 1998. Published by SETAC, 2000.
Assessing Contaminated Soils: From Soil-Contaminant Interactions to Ecosystem Management. Pellston, Michigan, September 23–27, 1998. Published by SETAC, 2003.
Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates: Endocrinology, Testing, and Assessment (EDIETA). Amsterdam, The Netherlands, December 12–15, 1998. Published by SETAC, 1999.
Assessing the Effects of Complex Stressors in Ecosystems. Pellston, Michigan, September 11–16, 1999. Published by SETAC, 2001.
Environmental–Human Health Interconnections. Snowbird, Utah, June 10–15, 2000. Published by SETAC, 2002.
Ecological Assessment of Aquatic Resources: Application, Implementation, and Communication. Pellston, Michigan, September 16–21, 2000. Published by SETAC, 2004.
Toxicity Identification Evaluation/Toxicity Reduction Evaluation: What Works and What Doesn't. Pensacola, Florida, June 23–27, 2001. Proceedings published by SETAC in 2005.
The Global Decline of Amphibian Populations: An Integrated Analysis of Multiple Stressors Effects. Wingspread, Racine, Wisconsin, August 18–23, 2001. Published by SETAC, 2003.
Methods of Uncertainty Analysis for Pesticide Risks. Pensacola, Florida, 24 February–1 March 2002.
The Role of Dietary Exposure in the Evaluation of Risk of Metals to Aquatic Organisms. Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, 27 July–1 August 2002. Published by SETAC, 2005.
Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and Related Tools for the Assessment of Contaminated Sediments. Fairmont Hot Springs, Montana, August 17–22, 2002. Published by SETAC, 2005.
Science for Assessment of the Impacts of Human Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Ecosystem. Snowbird, Utah, June 3–8, 2003. Published by SETAC, 2005.
Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessment. Roskilde, Denmark, August 23–27, 2003. Published by SETAC and CRC Press, 2007.
Valuation of Ecological Resources: Integration of Ecological Risk Assessment and Socio-Economics to Support Environmental Decisions. Pensacola, Florida, October 4–9, 2003. Published by SETAC and CRC Press, 2007.
Emerging Molecular and Computational Approaches for Cross-Species Extrapolations. Portland, Oregon, July 18–22, 2004. Published by SETAC and CRC Press, 2006.
Veterinary Medicines in the Environment. Pensacola, Florida, February 12–16, 2006. Published by SETAC and CRC Press, 2008.
Tissue Residue Approach for Toxicity Assessment: Invertebrates and Fish. Leavenworth, Washington, June 7–10, 2007. Published in SETAC Journal Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM), 2011.
Science-Based Guidance and Framework for the Evaluation and Identification of PBTs and POPs. Pensacola Beach, Florida, 27 January–1 February 2008.
The Nexus between Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) and Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). Fairmont, Montana, January 28–31, 2008. Published in SETAC Journal Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM), 2009.
Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment. Pensacola Beach, Florida, February 22–27, 2009. Published by SETAC and CRC Press, 2010.
A Vision and Strategy for Predictive Ecotoxicology in the 21st Century: Defining Adverse Outcome Pathways Associated with Ecological Risk. Forest Grove, Oregon, April 19–23, 2009. Published in SETAC Journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ET&C), 2011.
Problem Formulation for Ecological Risk Assessments. Pensacola Beach, Florida, April 18–24, 2010.
Potential Risks of Plant Protection Products to Pollinators. Pensacola Beach, Florida, January 16–22, 2011.
Life Cycle Assessment Database Global Guidance. Kanagawa, Japan, 30 January–4 February 2011. Published by the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, 2011.
Influence of Global Climate Change on the Scientific Foundation and Application of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Racine, Wisconsin, July 16–21, 2011. Published in ET&C,...

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