The Snowden Reader

Foreword Sumit Ganguly
Acknowledgments
Editor's Note
Abbreviations

Introduction David P. Fidler

Part I. Perspectives on the Snowden Disclosures
1. Security and Liberty: The Imaginary Balance Nick Cullather
2. Edward Snowden and the NSA: Law, Policy, and Politics Fred H. Cate
3. From Passivity to Eternal Vigilance: NSA Surveillance and Effective Oversight of Government Power Lee H. Hamilton
4. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Snowden Leaks David P. Fidler
5. Taking Snowden Seriously: Civil Disobedience for an Age of Total Surveillance William E. Scheuerman

Part II. The Snowden Saga in Primary Documents
A. Revelations and Reactions

Unconstitutional Abuse of Power or Legitimate and Necessary Security Measures?
NSA Programs under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
1. The Verizon Order
2. NSA PRISM and UPSTREAM Briefing Slides
3. Robert S. Litt, Director of National Intelligence, Speech at Brookings Institution
4. Amash-Conyers Amendment Debate, U.S. House of Representatives

Hero or Villain? Persecuting a Defender of Human Rights v. Prosecuting a Criminal Suspect
5. Edward Snowden, Statement at the Moscow Airport
6. Attorney General Eric Holder, Letter to Russian Minister of Justice

Rubber Stamp or Robust Tribunal? The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
7. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Order 2009

Made in the USA? NSA Surveillance and U.S. Technology Companies
8. NSA MUSCULAR Program Briefing Slide
9. Statement by Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer
10. Reform Government Surveillance: Open Letter from U.S. Technology Companies

Friend and Foe? U.S. Espionage against Other Countries
11. NSA Briefing Slides on Brazilian President Dilma Roussef and Petrobas Oil Company
12. Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, Statement on Economic Espionage and Foreign Intelligence
13. Dilma Rousseff, President of Brazil, Statement to United Nations General Assembly
14. NSA Document on Cell Phone Surveillance of German Chancellor Angela Merkel
15. Wanted by the FBI
16. Chinese National Ministry of Defense Statement on U.S. Indictment of Chinese Military Officers

A Secure and Reliable Cyberspace? The NSA, Encryption, and Exploits
17. NSA Classification Guide for Project BULLRUN on Defeating Encryption
18. NSA SIGINT Strategy, 2012-2016
19. James R. Clapper, Statements on NSA Cryptological Capabilities
20. NSA Briefing Slides on the QUANTUM Project
21. NSA Public Affairs Office Statement in Response to Press Allegations

Norms of Responsible Behavior in Cyberspace? U.S. Cyber Operations
22. Presidential Policy Directive 20 on U.S. Cyber Operations Policy

"Worse than the U.S."? Surveillance by the UK's Government Communications Headquarters
23. British Government Communications Headquarters TEMPORA Program
24. NSA Memo on the TEMPORA Program: "'The World's Largest XKEYSCORE'-Is Now Available to Qualified NSA Users"
25. British Parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee Statement on the U.S. PRISM Program
26. European Court of Human Rights, Big Brother Watch and Others v. United Kingdom

B. Reviews and Recommendations

U.S. Federal Court Decisions on NSA Programs
27. Klayman v. Obama: U.S. Federal Court Decision on the Telephone Metadata Program
28. ACLU v. Clapper: U.S. Federal Court Decision on the Telephone Metadata Program
29. United States v. Mohamud: U.S. Federal Court Decision on Section 702 of FISA

Reports from U.S. Advisory Bodies
30. Executive Summary, Report of the President's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies
31. Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Report on Telephone Metadata Program and FISC
32. Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Report on Section 702 of FISA

Statements from International Institutions
33. Edward Snowden, Testimony to the European Parliament
34. European Parliament Resolution on US NSA Surveillance Program
35. United Nations Resolution on the Right to Privacy in the Digital Age

C. Reforms and a Reflection
36. President Barack Obama, Remarks on Review of Signals Intelligence
37. U.S. House of Representatives, USA FREEDOM Act
38. Edward Snowden, One Year Later