Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces

Name: Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces | From Classical Macroscopic Descriptions to Modern Microscopic Details
Brand: OUP eBook
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From Classical Macroscopic Descriptions to Modern Microscopic Details

W. Ronald Fawcett(Autor*in)

OUP eBook (Verlag)

Erschienen am 1. Juli 2004

638 Seiten

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978-0-19-802544-3 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
Fundamental Constants
1. The Thermodynamics of Liquid Solutions
1.1 Most Liquid Solutions Are Not Ideal
1.2 Concentration Units
1.3 Thermodynamic Quantities
1.4 Partial Molar Quantities
1.5 Ideal Solutions-Raoult's Law
1.6 Thermodynamics of Ideal Solutions
1.7 Non-Ideal Solutions
1.8 Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Solutions
1.9 Regular Solutions
1.10 An Empirical Approach to Non-Ideal Solutions
1.11 Ideally Dilute Solutions
1.12 Thermodynamics of Ideally Dilute Solutions
1.13 Experimental Determination of Solution Activities
1.14 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
2. The Structure of Liquids
2.1 What Is a Liquid?
2.2 The Statistical Thermodynamics of Liquids
2.3 Intermolecular Forces
2.4 Distribution and Correlation Functions
2.5 The Experimental Study of Liquid Structure
2.6 The Direct Correlation Function and the Mean Spherical Approximation
2.7 Computer Simulations of Simple Liquids
2.8 Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties from the Pair Correlation Function
2.9 The Properties of a Hard-Sphere Fluid
2.10 The Structure of Water
2.11 Distribution Functions for Liquid Solutions
2.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
3. Electrolyte Solutions
3.1 Electrolyte Solutions Are Always Non-Ideal
3.2 Ionic Size in Solutions
3.3 The Thermodynamics of Ion-Solvent Interactions
3.4 Ion-Solvent Interactions According to the Born Model
3.5 Ion-Solvent Interactions According to the Mean Spherical Approximation
3.6 The Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions
3.7 The Experimental Determination of Activity Coefficients for Electrolytes
3.8 Ion-Ion Interactions According to the Debye-Hückel Model
3.9 Ion-Ion Interactions According to the MSA
3.10 The Thermodynamics of Ion Association
3.11 Ion Association According to the MSA
3.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
4. Polar Solvents
4.1 What Constitutes a Polar Liquid?
4.2 Some Important Properties of Polar Solvents
4.3 The Static Solvent Permittivity on the Basis of Continuum Models
4.4 The Static Solvent Permittivity According to the MSA
4.5 Dielectric Relaxation Phenomena
4.6 The Permittivity of Electrolyte Solutions
4.7 The Dielectric Relaxation Parameters
4.8 Ion Solvation in Polar Solvents
4.9 Polar Solvents as Lewis Acids and Bases
4.10 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
5. Spectroscopic Studies of Liquid Structure and Solvation
5.1 What Spectroscopic Techniques Are Available?
5.2 X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Experiments
5.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Solutions
5.4 NMR Studies of Ion Solvation in Water
5.5 NMR Studies of Ion Solvation in Non-Aqueous Solvents
5.6 Vibrational Spectroscopy in Solutions
5.7 Infrared Spectroscopy of Polar Solvents
5.8 Infrared Spectroscopy of Non-Electrolyte Solutions
5.9 Infrared Spectroscopy of Electrolyte Solutions
5.10 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy and Solvatochromic Effects
5.11 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
6. Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Liquids and Solutions
6.1 Non-Equilibrium Processes Are Usually Complex
6.2 The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes
6.3 The Viscosity of Liquids
6.4 Isothermal Diffusion in Solutions
6.5 Linear Diffusion from a Wall
6.6 The Electrochemical Potential
6.7 The Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions
6.8 Experimental Studies of Conductivity
6.9 The Debye-Onsager Model for Conductivity
6.10 Transport Phenomena in Non-Aqueous Solutions
6.11 Proton Transport Phenomena
6.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
7. Chemical Reaction Kinetics in Solution
7.1 What Time Scales Are Involved for Chemical Reactions in Solution?
7.2 Fundamental Concepts
7.3 General Types of Solution Reactions
7.4 Temperature Effects and Transition State Theory
7.5 Diffusion-Controlled Rapid Reactions
7.6 Relaxation Techniques for Rapid Reactions
7.7 Laser Spectroscopy and Femtochemistry in Solutions
7.8 The Theory of Homogeneous Electron Transfer
7.9 NMR Spectroscopy and Chemical Exchange Reactions
7.10 Medium Effects in Solution Reactions
7.11 Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships
7.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
8. Liquids and Solutions at Interfaces
8.1 The Molecular Environment at the Interface Is Different than in the Bulk
8.2 The Interfacial Tension of Liquids
8.3 The Thermodynamics of Fluid Interfaces
8.4 The Electrical Aspects of Interfaces
8.5 The Work Function for Electrons in Metals
8.6 The Liquid | Gas Interface and the Adsorption Isotherm
8.7 Experimental Measurement of the Volta Potential Difference at Interfaces
8.8 The Metal | Solution Interface
8.9 The Liquid | Liquid Interface
8.10 Surface Films on Liquids
8.11 Spectroscopy at Liquid Interfaces
8.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
9. Charge Transfer Equilibria at Interfaces
9.1 Electrochemical Equilibria Occur at a Wide Variety of Interfaces
9.2 Electrochemical Cells
9.3 The Thermodynamic Basis of the Nernst Equation
9.4 The Absolute Electrode Potential
9.5 Experimental Studies of Electrochemical Cells
9.6 Electrochemical Cells for Electroanalysis
9.7 The Liquid Junction Potential
9.8 Membrane Potentials and the Donnan Effect
9.9 Ion-Selective Electrodes
9.10 p-Functions and the Definition of pH
9.11 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
10. The Electrical Double Layer
10.1 The Electrical Double Layer Is an Example of Electrostatic Equilibrium
10.2 The Thermodynamics of the Ideally Polarizable Interface
10.3 The Experimental Study of the Double Layer
10.4 The Structure of the Double Layer
10.5 The Potential of Zero Charge and the Role of the Metal
10.6 The Gouy-Chapman Model of the Diffuse Double Layer
10.7 The Structure of the Inner Layer in the Absence of Adsorption
10.8 The Specific Adsorption of Ions
10.9 The Adsorption of Molecules at Electrodes
10.10 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
Appendix A. Mathematical Background
A.1 Laplace Transforms
A.2 Fourier Transforms
A.3 Complex Numbers and Functions
A.4 Power Series
Appendix B. The Laws of Electricity and Magnetism
Appendix C. Numerical Methods of Data Analysis
C.1 The Principle of Least Squares
C.2 Linear Regression
C.3 Multiple Linear Regression
C.4 Numerical Methods
C.5 Numerical Interpolation
C.6 Numerical Integration
C.7 Numerical Differentiation
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y

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