Small Animal Obesity, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice,

Name: Small Animal Obesity, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, | Small Animal Obesity, an Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book
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Small Animal Obesity, an Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book

Amy K. Farcas Kathryn E. Michel(Autor*in)

Elsevier (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 28. September 2016

100 Seiten

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978-0-323-46291-4 (ISBN)

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Front Cover
Small Animal Obesity
Copyright
Contributors
EDITORS
AUTHORS
Contents
Preface: Confronting the Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats
Scope of the Problem and Perception by Owners and Veterinarians
Development of Obesity: Mechanisms and Physiology
Current Topics in Canine and Feline Obesity
Metabolic Effects of Obesity and Its Interaction with Endocrine Diseases
Impact of Obesity on Cardiopulmonary Disease
Obesity, Exercise and Orthopedic Disease
Other Risks/Possible Benefits of Obesity
Nutritional Assessment
Dietary Aspects of Weight Management in Cats and Dogs
Obesity Treatment: Environment and Behavior Modification
Communicating with Pet Owners About Obesity: Roles of the Veterinary Health Care Team
Obesity Prevention and Weight Maintenance After Loss
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
November 2016
January 2017
March 2017
RECENT ISSUES
July 2016
May 2016
March 2016
Preface: Confronting the Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats
REFERENCE
Scope of the Problem and Perception by Owners and Veterinarians
Key points
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Disease Description
Prevalence
OWNER PERCEPTIONS
CAUSES/PREDISPOSITIONS FOR OBESITY
Animal Factors
Breed
Gender
Sterilization
Growth rate
Age
Owner Factors
Diet choice
Feeding method
Exercise and living environment
Owner characteristics
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Development of Obesity
Key points
CONSTANCY OF BODY WEIGHT
FOOD INTAKE CONTROL
SATIATION FACTORS
ADIPOSITY FACTORS
COGNITIVE FACTORS
DIETARY MACRONUTRIENT AND FOOD INTAKE CONTROL
MALADAPTIVE CHANGES
ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
FACTORS THAT CAN INFLUENCE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND/OR ENERGY EXPENDITURE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Current Topics in Canine and Feline Obesity
Key points
INTRODUCTION
GENETICS
Rodents
Humans
Canine
Feline
ADIPOSE TISSUE AND ADIPOKINES
NUTRACEUTICALS
Canine
Feline
"OMICS"
Canine Studies
Feline Studies
GUT MICROBIOTA
Rodents
Canine
Feline
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Metabolic Effects of Obesity and Its Interaction with Endocrine Diseases
Key points
INTRODUCTION
NORMAL METABOLIC FUNCTION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
Lipid Storage and Release
Endocrine Functions
Obesity, adipose tissue dysfunction, and the metabolic syndrome
OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND HYPERINSULINEMIA
GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS IN OBESITY
PREDISPOSITION TO DIABETES MELLITUS
ADIPOKINE SECRETION IN OBESITY
Leptin
Adiponectin
CHANGES IN ENERGY REGULATION IN OBESITY
OBESITY AND OTHER ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES
OBESITY AND LIPID DISORDERS
Dyslipidemia
Fat Distribution and Tissue Lipid Accumulation
Abdominal fat distribution
Lipid accumulation in muscle
Lipid accumulation in the liver
Predisposition of Obese Cats to Hepatic Lipidosis
THE "METABOLIC SYNDROME" IN OBESE PETS
Dogs
Cats
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Impact of Obesity on Cardiopulmonary Disease
Key points
INTRODUCTION
DOES OBESITY HAVE AN EFFECT ON HEART DISEASE?
Human
Obesity and Heart Disease in Dogs and Cats
The Effect of Obesity on Heart Function
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Adiponectin
Metabolic and Biomarker Changes in Weight Loss
Obesity Effect on Heart Size and Rate
Weight Loss Effects on the Heart
The Obesity Paradox and Survival Times
DOES OBESITY AFFECT PULMONARY FUNCTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES?
Effects of Obesity on Airway Function and Bronchial Disease
Humans
Dogs
Cats
Asthma
Humans and rodents
Cats and dogs
Respiratory Infections
Recurrent Airway Obstruction and Obesity
SUMMARY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF OBESITY AND CARDIORESPIRATORY DISEASE IN DOGS AND CATS
REFERENCES
Obesity, Exercise and Orthopedic Disease
Key points
PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AND INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE
Osteoarthritis
Intervertebral Disc Disease
ROLE OF ADIPOKINES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS: IS THERE A CONNECTION?
ROLE OF EXERCISE IN WEIGHT LOSS
BENEFITS OF EXERCISE BEYOND WEIGHT REDUCTION
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Other Risks/Possible Benefits of Obesity
Key points
INTRODUCTION
OBESITY AS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION
GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH
HYPERLIPIDEMIA, PANCREATIC, AND LIVER DYSFUNCTION
OBESITY AND CANCER RISK
EFFECTS ON RENAL FUNCTION AND HISTOLOGY
EFFECTS ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND LONGEVITY
OBESITY PARADOX?
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Nutritional Assessment
Key points
INTRODUCTION
PATIENT ASSESSMENT
Medical History
Physical Examination
Body condition assessment
Muscle condition assessment
General Diagnostic Testing
DIET ASSESSMENT
Obtain a Complete Diet History
Estimate Current Energy Intake
Evaluate Current Nutrient Intake
Owner Interview
Current Feeding Management and Environment
The Role Food Plays in the Pet-Owner Relationship
Owner's Interest and Willingness to Change to Help the Pet Lose Weight
Identify Potential Opportunities and Challenges for Successful Weight Loss
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Dietary Aspects of Weight Management in Cats and Dogs
Key points
INTRODUCTION
INITIAL APPROACH TO SELECTING THE OPTIMAL DIET
Pet Assessment
Impact of Diet History
Owner Assessment
SELECTING THE OPTIMAL NUTRIENT PROFILE
Energy
Macronutrients
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrates
Micronutrients
Additional Diet Factors
Fiber
Water
Other additives
EVIDENCE-BASED SELECTION OF DIETS
ENERGY RESTRICTION
Initial Calculation
Rate of Weight Loss
MAINTENANCE OF WEIGHT LOSS
STRATEGIES FOR INCREASED DIET ADHERENCE
Treats and Non-negotiables
Troubleshooting and Addressing Client Concerns
SUMMARY/DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Obesity Treatment
Key points
INTRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENT SPECIFIC TREATMENT
Feeding Management
Activity
BEHAVIOR SPECIFIC TREATMENT
Effective Use of Behavior-Specific Treatments
Maximizing Weight Loss Success with the 5 A's Behavioral Counseling Approach
Use of the 5 A's in Veterinary Obesity Management
Does the 5 A's System Work?
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Communicating with Pet Owners About Obesity
Key points
INTRODUCTION
TEAM APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL COUNSELING
THE 3 ELEMENTS FOR WEIGHT LOSS SUCCESS
Owner Commitment
Identify the pet owner's stage of change
Select a stage-appropriate intervention
Individualized Weight Loss Plan
Reassess the Patient's Progress
ENLIST THE VETERINARY HEALTH CARE TEAM TO IMPLEMENT NUTRITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
TYPICAL VETERINARY WEIGHT LOSS VISIT WORKFLOW
TEAM TRAINING
TEAM COMMUNICATION SKILLS
VETERINARY COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES: OBESE CLIENTS
COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES: OBESE VETERINARIANS
COMMUNICATING WITH A DISINTERESTED CLIENT
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Obesity Prevention and Weight Maintenance After Loss
Key points
INAPPROPRIATE WEIGHT GAIN IN DOGS AND CATS
Definition
Prevalence of Inappropriate Weight Gain
Onset of Inappropriate Weight Gain
Risk Factors for Inappropriate Weight Gain
Coexisting health problems
Rapid early life weight gain
Breed
Age
Sex and neutering
Behavioral factors
Environment and activity
Dietary factors
Owner factors
OUTCOMES OF WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
TOOLS FOR OBESITY PREVENTION
Monitoring Strategies
Body weight
Body condition
Other methods for determining body condition
Example
Determining Metabolizable Energy Requirements and Energy Expenditure
Dietary Strategies
Main meal feeding
Accurate portion size measurement
Responsible feeding of treats and extra food
Methods of feeding
Physical Activity
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONITORING STRATEGIES
Early Life Prevention
Monitoring Strategy for Adult Animals
Monitoring Strategy for the Postneutering Period
Monitoring Strategy for Senior Animals
Prevention of Rebound After Weight Loss
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Index

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