This book reviews the state of art in the field of chemical sensors for analyses of ionic or molecular species dissolved in liquid media, mainly in aqueous solutions. The transduction of such devices is based on chemical, biological and physical phenomena. The fundamental phenomena involved in these sensors are described in the different chapters by specialists having a good expertise in the field. Numerous recent bibliographic references are given. Most of the devices could be miniaturised using modern technologies allowing a fabrication on a large scale, for a mass production at low cost. Moreover, such devices could open the field of applications in a near future (environmental, biomedical, food industries, domotic and automotive applications etc.).
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978-1-118-60006-1 (9781118600061)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Foreword xi
Chapter 1. General Features 1
Bernard MICHAUX
1.1. Definitions 1
1.2. Classification 6
1.3. Specific problems of chemical sensors 14
1.4. Advantages and drawbacks of chemical microsensors 21
1.5. Perspectives 22
1.6. Bibliography 23
Chapter 2. Chemical Sensors: Development and IndustrialRequirements 25
Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY, based on discussions withJacques FOMBON
2.1. Introduction 25
2.2. Modern research and development (R&D) managementmethods applied to sensors 26
2.3. Applications and inventory of the needs 33
2.4. New needs and industrial applications 37
2.5. The sensor in the measuring chain 39
2.6. Conclusions and prospects 43
2.7. Bibliography 43
Chapter 3. Sensitivity and Selectivity of ElectrochemicalSensors 45
Pierre FABRY and Jean-Claude MOUTET, and translated by J.C. POIGNETand Pierre FABRY
3.1. General concepts 45
3.2. Models for the sensitivity and selectivity ofpotentiometric sensors 51
3.3. Case of amperometric sensors 64
3.4. Molecular recognition and sensors 68
3.5. Characterization methods 70
3.6. Bibliography 77
Chapter 4. Potentiometric Sensors (Ions and Dissolved Gases)81
Annie PRADEL and Eric SAINT-AMAN
4.1. Introduction 81
4.2. Membranes 88
4.3. Current developments in potentiometric sensors 99
4.4. Bibliography 109
Chapter 5. Amperometric Sensors 115
Alain WALCARIUS, Chantal GONDRAN and Serge COSNIER
5.1. Sensors based upon chemically modified electrodes 115
5.2. Amperometric biosensors 138
5.3. Bibliography 160
Chapter 6. ISFET, BioFET Sensors 173
Nicole JAFFREZIC-RENAULT and Claude MARTELET, translated by ClaudeMARTELET
6.1. Structure of ISFET sensors 173
6.2. Techniques used for ISFET fabrication and operation 180
6.3. ISFET membranes 183
6.4. Detection of molecular species 187
6.5. BioFETs 193
6.6. Commercial devices 197
6.7. Conclusion and perspectives 201
6.8. Bibliography 202
Chapter 7. Biosensors and Chemical Sensors Based Upon GuidedOptics 209
Jean-Pierre GOURE and Loïc BLUM
7.1. Introduction 209
7.2. Definitions 210
7.3. Principles of optical microsensors 213
7.4. Optical fiber biosensors 220
7.5. Perspectives and conclusions 229
7.6. Bibliography 229
Chapter 8. Sensors and Voltammetric Probes for In SituMonitoring of Trace Elements in Aquatic Media 233
Marie-Louise TERCIER-WAEBER and Jacques BUFFLE
8.1. Introduction 233
8.2. Basic principles of the voltammetric techniques and oftheir applications to analysis of water 235
8.3. Voltammetric techniques used for the analysis of traceelements in waters 244
8.4. Development of reliable submersible voltammetric probes247
8.5. Submersible voltammetric probes reported in the literature264
8.6. Conclusion 273
8.7. Bibliography 275
Chapter 9. Chemometrics 287
Philippe BREUIL
9.1. Introduction 287
9.2. A particular case: the linear case 290
9.3. Least squares methods: non-linear case 302
9.4. Neural networks 303
9.5. Conclusion 305
9.6. Bibliography 306
Chapter 10. Impedancemetric Sensors 307
Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY
10.1. Introduction 307
10.2. Fields of application 307
10.3. Conductivity of liquid media 310
10.4. Impedance of first kind cell (direct measurement) 313
10.5. Cell configurations and sources of error 317
10.6. Second kind cells 326
10.7. Summary of practical precautions 328
10.8. Bibliography 329
List of Authors 331
Index 335
