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Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging

Name: Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging
Brand: Wiley
Price: 152.99 EUR
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Okan K. Ersoy(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 4. Januar 2007

400 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging
Contents
Preface
1. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Examples of Emerging Applications with Growing Significance
1.2.1 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Demultiplexing (DWDM)
1.2.2 Optical and Microwave DWDM Systems
1.2.3 Diffractive and Subwavelength Optical Elements
1.2.4 Nanodiffractive Devices and Rigorous Diffraction Theory
1.2.5 Modern Imaging Techniques
2. Linear Systems and Transforms
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Linear Systems and Shift Invariance
2.3 Continuous-Space Fourier Transform
2.4 Existence of Fourier Transform
2.5 Properties of the Fourier Transform
2.6 Real Fourier Transform
2.7 Amplitude and Phase Spectra
2.8 Hankel Transforms
3. Fundamentals of Wave Propagation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Waves
3.3 Electromagnetic Waves
3.4 Phasor Representation
3.5 Wave Equations in a Charge-Free Medium
3.6 Wave Equations in Phasor Representation in a Charge-Free Medium
3.7 Plane EM Waves
4. Scalar Diffraction Theory
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Helmholtz Equation
4.3 Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves
4.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Implementation of the Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves
4.5 The Kirchoff Theory of Diffraction
4.5.1 Kirchoff Theory of Diffraction
4.5.2 Fresnel-Kirchoff Diffraction Formula
4.6 The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Theory of Diffraction
4.6.1 The Kirchhoff Approximation
4.6.2 The Second Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Diffraction Formula
4.7 Another Derivation of the First Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral
4.8 The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral For Nonmonochromatic Waves
5. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Diffraction in the Fresnel Region
5.3 FFT Implementation of Fresnel Diffraction
5.4 Paraxial Wave Equation
5.5 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Region
5.6 Diffraction Gratings
5.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating
5.8 Fresnel Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating
5.9 Fraunhofer Diffraction with a Sinusoidal Phase Grating
5.10 Diffraction Gratings Made of Slits
6. Inverse Diffraction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Inversion of the Fresnel and Fraunhofer Representations
6.3 Inversion of the Angular Spectrum Representation
6.4 Analysis
7. Wide-Angle Near and Far Field Approximations for Scalar Diffraction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A Review of Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations
7.3 The Radial Set of Approximations
7.4 Higher Order Improvements and Analysis
7.5 Inverse Diffraction and Iterative Optimization
7.6 Numerical Examples
7.7 More Accurate Approximations
7.8 Conclusions
8. Geometrical Optics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Propagation of Rays
8.3 The Ray Equations
8.4 The Eikonal Equation
8.5 Local Spatial Frequencies and Rays
8.6 Matrix Representation of Meridional Rays
8.7 Thick Lenses
8.8 Entrance and Exit Pupils of an Optical System
9. Fourier Transforms and Imaging with Coherent Optical Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Phase Transformation With a Thin Lens
9.3 Fourier Transforms With Lenses
9.3.1 Wave Field Incident on the Lens
9.3.2 Wave Field to the Left of the Lens
9.3.3 Wave Field to the Right of the Lens
9.4 Image Formation As 2-D Linear Filtering
9.4.1 The Effect of Finite Lens Aperture
9.5 Phase Contrast Microscopy
9.6 Scanning Confocal Microscopy
9.6.1 Image Formation
9.7 Operator Algebra for Complex Optical Systems
10. Imaging with Quasi-Monochromatic Waves
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hilbert Transform
10.3 Analytic Signal
10.4 Analytic Signal Representation of a Nonmonochromatic Wave Field
10.5 Quasi-Monochromatic, Coherent, and Incoherent Waves
10.6 Diffraction Effects in a General Imaging System
10.7 Imaging With Quasi-Monochromatic Waves
10.7.1 Coherent Imaging
10.7.2 Incoherent Imaging
10.8 Frequency Response of a Diffraction-Limited Imaging System
10.8.1 Coherent Imaging System
10.8.2 Incoherent Imaging System
10.9 Computer Computation of the Optical Transfer Function
10.9.1 Practical Considerations
10.10 Aberrations
10.10.1 Zernike Polynomials
11. Optical Devices Based on Wave Modulation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Photographic Films and Plates
11.3 Transmittance of Light by Film
11.4 Modulation Transfer Function
11.5 Bleaching
11.6 Diffractive Optics, Binary Optics, and Digital Optics
11.7 E-Beam Lithography
11.7.1 DOE Implementation
12. Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Helmholtz Equation For Inhomogeneous Media
12.3 Paraxial Wave Equation For Inhomogeneous Media
12.4 Beam Propagation Method
12.4.1 Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Medium with Index n
12.4.2 The Virtual Lens Effect
12.5 Wave Propagation in a Directional Coupler
12.5.1 A Summary of Coupled Mode Theory
12.5.2 Comparison of Coupled Mode Theory and BPM Computations
13. Holography
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Coherent Wave Front Recording
13.2.1 Leith-Upatnieks Hologram
13.3 Types of Holograms
13.3.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Holograms
13.3.2 Image and Fourier Holograms
13.3.3 Volume Holograms
13.3.4 Embossed Holograms
13.4 Computer Simulation of Holographic Reconstruction
13.5 Analysis of Holographic Imaging and Magnification
13.6 Aberrations
14. Apodization, Superresolution, and Recovery of Missing Information
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Apodization
14.2.1 Discrete-Time Windows
14.3 Two-Point Resolution and Recovery of Signals
14.4 Contractions
14.4.1 Contraction Mapping Theorem
14.5 An Iterative Method of Contractions for Signal Recovery
14.6 Iterative Constrained Deconvolution
14.7 Method of Projections
14.8 Method of Projections onto Convex Sets
14.9 Gerchberg-Papoulis (GP) Algorithm
14.10 Other POCS Algorithms
14.11 Restoration From Phase
14.12 Reconstruction From a Discretized Phase Function by Using the DFT
14.13 Generalized Projections
14.14 Restoration From Magnitude
14.14.1 Traps and Tunnels
14.15 Image Recovery By Least Squares and the Generalized Inverse
14.16 Computation of H(+) By Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
14.17 The Steepest Descent Algorithm
14.18 The Conjugate Gradient Method
15. Diffractive Optics I
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Lohmann Method
15.3 Approximations in the Lohmann Method
15.4 Constant Amplitude Lohmann Method
15.5 Quantized Lohmann Method
15.6 Computer Simulations with the Lohmann Method
15.7 A Fourier Method Based on Hard-Clipping
15.8 A Simple Algorithm for Construction of 3-D Point Images
15.8.1 Experiments
15.9 The Fast Weighted Zero-Crossing Algorithm
15.9.1 Off-Axis Plane Reference Wave
15.9.2 Experiments
15.10 One-Image-Only Holography
15.10.1 Analysis of Image Formation
15.10.2 Experiments
15.11 Fresnel Zone Plates
16. Diffractive Optics II
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Virtual Holography
16.2.1 Determination of Phase
16.2.2 Aperture Effects
16.2.3 Analysis of Image Formation
16.2.4 Information Capacity, Resolution, Bandwidth, and Redundancy
16.2.5 Volume Effects
16.2.6 Distortions Due to Change of Wavelength and/or Hologram Size Between Construction and Reconstruction
16.2.7 Experiments
16.3 The Method of POCS for the Design of Binary DOE
16.4 Iterative Interlacing Technique (IIT)
16.4.1 Experiments with the IIT
16.5 Optimal Decimation-in-Frequency Iterative Interlacing Technique (ODIFIIT)
16.5.1 Experiments with ODIFIIT
16.6 Combined Lohmann-ODIFIIT Method
16.6.1 Computer Experiments with the Lohmann-ODIFIIT Method
17. Computerized Imaging Techniques I: Synthetic Aperture Radar
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar
17.3 Range Resolution
17.4 Choice of Pulse Waveform
17.5 The Matched Filter
17.6 Pulse Compression by Matched Filtering
17.7 Cross-Range Resolution
17.8 A Simplified Theory of SAR Imaging
17.9 Image Reconstruction with Fresnel Approximation
17.10 Algorithms for Digital Image Reconstruction
17.10.1 Spatial Frequency Interpolation
18. Computerized Imaging II: Image Reconstruction from Projections
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Radon Transform
18.3 The Projection Slice Theorem
18.4 The Inverse Radon Transform
18.5 Properties of the Radon Transform
18.6 Reconstruction of a Signal From its Projections
18.7 The Fourier Reconstruction Method
18.8 The Filtered-Backprojection Algorithm
19. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Array Waveguide Grating
19.3 Method of Irregularly Sampled Zero-Crossings (MISZC)
19.3.1 Computational Method for Calculating the Correction Terms
19.3.2 Extension of MISZC to 3-D Geometry
19.4 Analysis of MISZC
19.4.1 Dispersion Analysis
19.4.2 Finite-Sized Apertures
19.5 Computer Experiments
19.5.1 Point-Source Apertures
19.5.2 Large Number of Channels
19.5.3 Finite-Sized Apertures
19.5.4 The Method of Creating the Negative Phase
19.5.5 Error Tolerances
19.5.6 3-D Simulations
19.5.7 Phase Quantization
19.6 Implementational Issues
20. Numerical Methods for Rigorous Diffraction Theory
20.1 Introduction
20.2 BPM Based on Finite Differences
20.3 Wide Angle BPM
20.4 Finite Differences
20.5 Finite Difference Time Domain Method
20.5.1 Yee's Algorithm
20.6 Computer Experiments
20.7 Fourier Modal Methods
Appendix A: The Impulse Function
Appendix B: Linear Vector Spaces
Appendix C: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, The Discrete Fourier Transform and The Fast Fourier Transform
References
Index

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