Epidemiological Perspectives of Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Name: Epidemiological Perspectives of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Brand: Nova Science Publishers
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Erschienen am 14. Mai 2014

428 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
Preface
Part I. Maternal Complications
Chapter I
Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus during Pregnancy
Yariv Yogev*
Introduction
Prevalence of Diabetes in Pregnancy
Pre-Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Racial Distribution of GDM
Risk Factors for GDM
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and GDM
Multiple Pregnancies and GDM
Genetic Factors
Recurrence of GDM
Abnormal Glucose Challenge Test
(GCT) as a Risk Factor for Adverse
Pregnancy Outcome
Congenital Malformations
Hypertensive Disorders
Risk for Future Type 2 Diabetes
The Association between Maternal
Obesity and GDM
Long Term Prospective
References
Chapter II
Epidemiological Perspectives of Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy
Asnat Walfisch* and Mordechai Hallak
Introduction
Incidence and Significance
Preeclampsia
Prediction
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Management
Bed Rest
Control of Hypertension
Acute Setting Parenteral Therapy
Chronic Setting Oral Therapy
Outcome
Postpartum Course
Long Term Course
HELLP Syndrome
Eclampsia
Incidence
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Anticonvulsant Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of Eclampsia
Outcome
Gestational Hypertension
Maternal Evaluation
Management and Prognosis
Chronic Hypertension
Adverse Pregnancy Outcome
Maternal Evaluation and Approach
Indications for Treatment
Mild Chronic Hypertension
Severe Chronic Hypertension
Drug Therapy
Antepartum Assessment
Delivery
Preeclampsia Superimposed
on Chronic Hypertension
Obesity and Hypertensive
Disorders in Pregnancy
References
Chapter III
Epidemiology of Obesity in Pregnancy
Adi Y. Weintraub* and Eyal Sheiner
Introduction
Definitions, Prevalence and Scope
The Viscous Cycle of Obesity and the Overnutrition Theory
Adverse Outcomes Associated with Maternal Overweight and Obesity
Offspring Complications from Early
Pregnancy into Adult Life
Birth Defects and Congenital Malformations
Miscarriages
Perinatal and Neonatal Mortality
Suboptimal Clinical and Sonographic Assessment of the Fetus
Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age Neonates
Long Term Complications
Overweight and Obesity Associated
Maternal Complications
Infertility
Preterm Birth
Hypertensive Disorders and Preeclampsia
Diabetes Mellitus
Thromboembolic Disorders
Postpregnancy Weight Retention
Intrapartum and Surgical Complications Associated with Maternal Obesity
Shoulder Dystocia
Inadequate Labor Progress
Cesarean Delivery
Anesthetic Complications
Wound Infections
The Treatment of Obesity
Bariatric Surgery for Obese Women
Summary
References
Chapter IV
Epidemiology of Asthma during Pregnancy
Ohad Katz* and Eyal Sheiner
Introduction
Diagnosis and Classification of Severity
Physiologic Changes during Pregnancy
Effects of Pregnancy on Asthma
The Course of Asthma during Pregnancy
Fetal Sex
Effects of Asthma on Pregnancy
Retrospective Studies
Prospective Studies
Summary: Effects of Asthma on Pregnancy
Pharmacologic Therapy
Inhaled and Systemic Corticosteriods
Beta-2 Agonists and Theophylline
Combined Therapy
Conclusions
References
Chapter V
Epidemiology of Thrombophilia
Adi Y. Weintraub,* Gali Pariente and Eyal Sheiner
Definitions
Introduction
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Preeclampsia
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Placental Abruption
Fetal Loss
Venous Thromboembolism
Anticoagulant Therapy
and Thromboprophylaxis
Antithrombotic Agents
Management of Thrombophilia
during Pregnancy
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
To Screen or Not to Screen
Statistical Pitfalls in the Association
between Thrombophilias and APO
Summary
References
Chapter VI
Epidemiology of Maternal Mortality
Naomi Schneid-Kofman and Eyal Sheiner*
Definitions
Introduction
Quantitative Terms and Definitions
Worldwide Data of Maternal Mortality
Causes of Maternal Mortality
Comparison of Mortality Rates between Populations
Safe Motherhood Initiative
Local Data
Conclusion
References
Part II. Fetal and Neonatal Complications
Chapter VII
Epidemiology of Intrauterine
Growth Restriction
Vered Kleitman, Reli Hershkovitz and Eyal Sheiner*
Definitions
Introduction
Approaches in the Diagnosis of IUGR
Diagnostic Tools in Fetal Growth Restriction
Recognition of the Growth Restriction
Etiologies of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Maternal Causes
Fetal Causes
Placental Causes
Management of IUGR
Growth Curves
Outcome
Future Perspectives and Early Screening
Conclusions
References
Chapter VIII
Epidemiology of Neural Tube Defects
P. J. Lupo, A. J Etheredge, A. Agopian, and L. E. Mitchell*
Introduction
Embryology
Classification and Clinical Impact
Open NTDs
Closed NTDs
Etiologic Heterogeneity
Syndromic NTDs
Non-Syndromic NTDs
Familial Aggregation
Methodologic Issues in Epidemiologic
Studies of NTDs
Ascertainment
Case Definition
Maternal Effects
Study Design
Population-Based Studies
Family Studies
Epidemiology
Descriptive Epidemiology
Nutritional Risk Factors
Maternal Illnesses and Characteristics
Maternal Use of Drugs and Medications
Parental Occupational and Environmental Exposures
Genetic Risk Factors (Other than Folate-Related Genes)
Future Directions
References
Chapter IX
The Epidemiology of Shoulder Dystocia and Brachial Plexus Injury
Edith D. Gurewitsch* and Robert H. Allen
Introduction
Part I: Epidemiology of Shoulder Dystocia
Shoulder Dystocia Incidence
Pathogenesis of Shoulder Dystocia and Associated Mechanical
Injury to the Newborn
Pathophysiology of Central Nervous System Injury from Shoulder Dystocia
Antepartum Risk Factors for Shoulder Dystocia
Prior Shoulder Dystocia
Macrosomia
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and the Spectrum of Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain during Pregnancy
Intrapartum Risk Factors for Shoulder Dystocia and Related Neonatal Mechanical Injury
Operative Vaginal Delivery
Abnormalities of the Second Stage of Labor
Part II: Epidemiology of Neonatal
Brachial Plexus Injury
Brachial Plexus Anatomy
Lesions and Impairments of the Brachial Plexus
Stretch Injury Classification
Incidence of Neonatal Brachial Plexus Injury
Risk Factors for Neonatal Brachial Plexus Injury
Mechanism of Neonatal Brachial Plexus Injury
Controversies Concerning the Obstetric Etiology of Neonatal Brachial Plexus Injury
Clinician Forces of Delivery
Part III: Management of Shoulder Dystocia to Prevent Neonatal Brachial Plexus Injury
Awaiting the Next Contraction
A Review of Maneuvers
McRoberts' Positioning
Suprapubic Pressure
The Advantage of Fetal Maneuvers
Rubin's Maneuver
Delivery of the Posterior Arm (Barnum)
Modified Woods' Corkscrew Maneuver
Simulation-Based Instruction and Rehearsal of Shoulder Dystocia Maneuvers
Summary
References
Chapter X
Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy
Steven J. Korzeniewski1* and Nigel Paneth2
Introduction
Definition of Cerebral Palsy
Typology of Cerebral Palsy
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Term Infants
Birth Asphyxia
Malformations
Infections
Thyroid Hormone and Iodine
Hyperbilirubinemia
Perinatal Stroke, Thrombophillias
Family History and Genetics
Multiple Births and Vanishing Twins
Methylmercury (Mehg)
Fetal Growth Pattern
CP Risk Factors in Preterm Infants
Fetal Growth
Infection and Inflammation
Transient Hypothyroxinemia of the Premature
Corticosteroids
Hypocapnia/ Hyperoxia
Magnesium (Mg)
Recent Contributions to CP Epidemiology from Randomized Clinical Trials
Conclusions
References
Chapter XI
Epidemiology of Perinatal Mortality
Rintaro Mori
Introduction
Definitions of "Perinatal Mortality"
and "Perinatal Mortality Rate"
Perinatal Mortality
Perinatal Mortality Rate
Definitions by Countries/Agencies
Categories and Causes of Perinatal Mortality
Distribution of Perinatal Mortality
Perinatal Mortality Rate in Less Developed Countries
Perinatal Mortality Rate in the More Developed Countries
Perinatal Mortality in Context
Health Service and Perinatal Mortality
Perinatal Mortality as an Outcome Measure of Perinatal Clinical Studies
Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Mortality
in Areas where Resources are Limited
Conclusion
References
Part III. Obstetrical Complications
Chapter XII
Epidemiology of Ectopic Pregnancy
Avi Harlev,* Arnon Wiznitzer and Eyal Sheiner
Introduction
Incidence
Etiology and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Laboratory Assessment
Serum Progesterone
Ultrasonography
Dilatation and Curettage
Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy
Surgical Treatment
Laparotomy Versus Laparoscopy
Salpingostomy Versus Salpingectomy
Medical Treatment with Methotrexate
Candidates for Medical Therapy
Surveillance
Side Effects
Fertility after an Ectopic Pregnancy
Expectant Management
Persistent Ectopic Pregnancy
Non-Tubal and Heterotopic
Ectopic Pregnancies
Future Perspectives
Summary
References
Chapter XIII
The Epidemiology of Preterm Labor
Offer Erez,1 Idit Erez-Weiss,2 Edi Vaisbuch,3 and Moshe Mazor1
Introduction
Definition
Prevalence
Subtypes of Preterm Births
Classification by Gestational Age at Delivery
Classification by Type-Spontaneous Vs. Indicated Preterm Birth
Spontaneous Preterm Birth
Preterm Labor with Intact Membranes
Preterm PROM
Indicated Preterm Deliveries
Risk Factors for Preterm Birth
Obstetric History
The Effect of Previous Pregnancy Outcome on Recurrent Preterm Delivery with Intact Membranes
The Effect of Previous Pregnancy Outcome on Recurrent Preterm
Delivery in Patients with Preterm PROM
The Effect pf Previous Indicated Preterm Birth on the Risk for Recurrent Preterm Delivery
The Effect of Previous Pregnancy Outcome on Recurrent Preterm
Delivery in Patients with Twins
Cervical Insufficiency
The Effect of Previous Pregnancy Outcome on Recurrent Preterm
Delivery in Patients with Cervical Insufficiency
Infection
Infection as a Risk Factor for Preterm Delivery with Intact Membranes
Infection as a Risk Factor for Preterm PROM
Intra-Amniotic Infection in Patients with Cervical Insufficiency
Bacterial Vaginosis and Preterm Birth
Multiple Pregnancies
Vaginal Bleeding and Vascular Pathology
Ethnicity
Müllerian Anomalies
Socioeconomic Factors
Perinatal Mortality and Morbidity
Perinatal Mortality
Perinatal Morbidity
Long-Term Outcomes
The Effect of Late Preterm Birth on Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity
Identification of Patients at Risk
for Preterm Birth
Fetal Fibronectin
Sonographic Cervical Length
Prevention of Preterm Birth
Progesterone for the Prevention of Preterm Birth
Cerclage
Summary
References
Chapter XIV
Epidemiology of Placental Abruption
Cande V. Ananth*
Introduction
Incidence and Temporal Trends
Maternal Mortality and Complications
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Maternal Age and Parity
Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes and Intrauterine Infection
Hypertensive Disorders Complicating Pregnancy
Tobacco, Cocaine, Marijuana, and Drug Use
Other Putative Risk Factors
Recurrence of Placental Abruption
Ischemic Placental Disease
Familial Predisposition
Placental Abruption and Adverse
Perinatal Outcomes
Other Adverse Perinatal Outcomes
Conclusion
References
Chapter XV
Epidemiology of Placenta Previa
Yinka Oyelese1* and Cande V. Ananth2
Introduction
Etiology
Incidence
Recurrence Risk
Epidemiology of Placenta Previa
Maternal Age and Parity
Maternal Race and Ethnicity
Maternal Smoking
Cocaine Use
Infertility Treatment
Prior Cesarean Delivery
Prior Abortion
Gestational Hypertension
Multiple Gestations
Fetal Gender
Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
Perinatal Mortality and Morbidity
Related Conditions
Placenta Accreta
Vasa Previa
Conclusions
References
Chapter XVI
Epidemiology of Breech Delivery
Henry Chong Lee1* and Jeffrey B. Gould2((
Introduction
Incidence
Etiology / Associations,
Congenital Malformations
Prematurity and Size
Gender
Multiple Births
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Mortality and Morbidity
Version
Cesarean and Breech
Retrospective Studies
Randomized Trials
Recent Trends
Preterm Breech and Cesarean
Conclusion
References
Chapter XVII
Epidemiology of Postpartum Hemorrhage
Iris Ohel,( Gershone Holcberg and Eyal Sheiner
Introduction
Incidence
Maternal Mortality and PPH
Trends in Rates of PPH over Time
Recurrent PPH
Etiologies and Risk Factors
Treatment
Medical Treatment
Conclusions
References
Index
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