ZigBee Wireless Sensor and Control Network

Preface xiii



CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Wireless Networks 1

Introduction 1

1.1 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model 3

1.2 IEEE 802 Standard Committee 5

1.3 Wireless Technologies 6

1.4 Antenna 8

1.5 Error-Detection Methods 9

1.6 ISM and U-NII Bands 13

1.7 Modulation 13

1.8 Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN) 17

1.9 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 20

1.10 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 20

1.11 Wireless MAN 21

1.12 Bluetooth 25

Summary 28

References 30



CHAPTER 2 ZigBee Wireless Sensor and Control Network 31

Introduction 31

2.1 ZigBee Network Characteristics 33

2.2 ZigBee Device Types 34

2.3 ZigBee Topologies 35

2.4 End Device (Node) Addressing 39

2.5 Depth of a Network, Number of Children, and Network Address Allocation 40

2.6 ZigBee Protocol Architecture 40

2.7 ZigBee and ZigBee PRO Feature Sets 43

Summary 46

References 47



CHAPTER 3 IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer 49

Introduction 49

3.1 Frequency Band, Data Rate, and Channel Numbering 50

3.2 Physical Layer Services 52

3.3 Transmitter Power and Receiver Sensitivity 57

3.4 Physical Layer Information Base (PIB) 60

3.5 Physical Layer Transmission 61

Summary 68

References 69



CHAPTER 4 IEEE 802.15.4 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer 71

Introduction 71

4.1 MAC Layer Services 71

4.2 MAC Layer Information Base (MIB) 75

4.3 MAC Management Services 77

4.4 Scanning Channels 83

4.5 Access Method 84

4.6 Data Transfer Model 88

4.7 MAC Frame Format 90

4.8 Association Request 94

4.9 Disassociation Notification Command 96

4.10 Orphan Notification 96

4.11 Beacon Request 97

4.12 Coordinator Realignment Command 97

Summary 98

References 98



CHAPTER 5 Network Layer 99

Introduction 99

5.1 Network Layer Data Entity (NLDE) Services 100

5.2 Network Information Base (NIB) 102

5.3 Network Layer Management Entity (NLME) 105

5.4 Network Formation 108

5.5 Joining a Network 110

5.6 Network Layer Frame Format 112

5.7 Neighbor Table 114

5.8 Network Command Frame Format 114

Summary 116

References 117



CHAPTER 6 ZigBee Application Support Sublayer (APS) 119

Introduction 119

6.1 Application Support Data Entity (APSDE) 119

6.2 Application Support Sublayer Management Entity (ASME) 122

6.3 Application Support Sublayer Information Base (AIB) 123

6.4 Persistent Data 124

6.5 Application Support Sublayer Frame Format 125

6.6 APS Command Frame Format 127

Summary 128

References 128



CHAPTER 7 Application Layer 129

Introduction 129

7.1 Application Object (Endpoint) 129

7.2 Attribute, Cluster, Cluster Library, and Profile 130

7.3 Cluster 132

7.4 General Cluster Commands 134

7.5 Attribute Reporting 135

7.6 ZigBee Cluster Libraries 137

7.7 ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) 140

7.8 ZigBee Device Profile (ZDP) 140

7.9 Device Discovery 143

7.10 Binding 146

7.11 Network Management Commands 150

7.12 ZigBee Coordinator Startup 151

Summary 151

References 153



CHAPTER 8 ZigBee Security 155

Introduction 155

8.1 Elements of Network Security 155

8.2 Introduction to Cryptography 156

8.3 ZigBee Security 160

8.4 ZigBee Security Modes 161

8.5 Security Management Primitives 164

8.6 Counter (CTR) Mode Encryption 165

8.7 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode Encryption 166

8.8 Network Layer Security 166

8.9 Application Support SubLayer Security 168

Summary 174

References 175



CHAPTER 9 Address Assignment and Routing 177

Introduction 177

9.1 Address Assignment Using Distributed Scheme 177

9.2 Stochastic Address Assignment 179

9.3 Routing 179

9.4 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) 182

9.5 ZigBee Routing 183

9.6 ZigBee Routing Commands 187

Summary 191

References 191



CHAPTER 10 ZigBee Home Automation and Smart Energy Network 193

10.1 Home Automation Profile 193

10.2 Smart Energy Network 197

10.3 ZigBee Stack Profile for Smart Energy (SE) Profile 200

10.4 Smart Energy Cluster 203

10.5 Smart Energy Device 203

Summary 204

References 205



CHAPTER 11 ZigBee RF4CE 207

Introduction 207

11.1 RF4CE Nodes and Topology 208

11.2 RF4CE Protocol Architecture 209

11.3 Network Layer Data Services 210

11.4 Network Layer Management Services 211

11.5 Network Layer Information Base (NIB) 212

11.6 Discovery Process 213

11.7 Pairing Process 214

Summary 216

References 217



APPENDIX A 6lowpan 219

Introduction 219

A.1 IPv6 Structure 220

A.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 222

A.3 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and Physical Layer Frame Format 222

A.4 64-Bit Global Identifier 223

A.5 Adaptation Layer 223

A.6 Fragmented IPv6 Payload 228



APPENDIX B Wireless HART 229

Introduction 229

B.1 Wireless HART Physical Layer 230

B.2 Wireless HART Data Link Layer 230

B.3 Wireless HART Network Layer 231

B.4 Wireless HART Network Components 231

B.5 Network Formation 232

B.6 Security 233

B.7 Wireless HART Data Transfer Mode 233



APPENDIX C Z-Wave 235

Introduction 235

C.1 Z-Wave Protocol Architecture 235

C.2 RF Media 236

C.3 MAC Layer 236



APPENDIX D Abbreviations 237



Bibliography 241

Index 245