EC State Aid Law

Name: EC State Aid Law | Liber Amicorum Francisco Santaolalla Gadea Le droit des aides d'Etat dans la CE
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Liber Amicorum Francisco Santaolalla Gadea Le droit des aides d'Etat dans la CE

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 30. Oktober 2008

508 Seiten

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Cover
Half Title Page
Editorial Board
Title Page
Copyright Page
Summary of Contents
Table of Contents
Forewords
Preface by the contributors
Avant-Propos
Préface par les contributeurs
Chapter 1 The Limited Role of the 'Refined Economic Approach' in Achieving the Objectives of State Aid Control: Time for Some Realism
I INTRODUCTION
II SETTING THE OBJECTIVES: THE ROLES OF LAW, ECONOMICS AND POLITICS
III 'EFFICIENCY' AS THE FINAL GOAL OF STATE AID CONTROL?
IV BACK TO BASICS: WHAT IS EU STATE AID LAW FOR?
V ANTITRUST IS FROM MARS, STATE AID FROM VENUS
VI YE SHALL KNOW THEM BY THEIR FRUITS!
VII THE 'REFINED ECONOMIC APPROACH' AND THE NOTION OF STATE AID
VIII COMPATIBILITY AND THE REFINED ECONOMIC APPROACH: THE 'BALANCING TEST'
IX MARKET FAILURE OR THE BALM OF FIERABRAS
X THE IMPACT OF THE 'REFINED ECONOMIC APPROACH' IN LEGISLATION AND IN INDIVIDUAL CASES
XI THE REFINED ECONOMIC APPROACH AND THE DESIGN OF LEGISLATION
XII REGIONAL AID
XIII AID TO R&D&I
XIV RE-BALANCING OF OBJECTIVES?
XV CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 2 Economic Analysis and State Aid Law: The Questions Lawyers Need to Ask
I INTRODUCTION
II PRESUMPTIONS IN LAW AND THE RATIONALITY OF THE LAW
III THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STATE AID RULES AND THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW
IV ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN THE CORRIDORS OF THE LEGAL SERVICE
A THE CASE OF THE LOST CASH PROJECTION
B THE 'RISK AVERSION OF MR NEMITZ'
C CAN OFFICIALS WITH SECURITY OF TENURE CORRECTLY APPLY THE PRIVATE INVESTOR TEST?
V EXCURSION: LAWYERS VERSUS SCIENTISTS?
VI THE HAZARDS OF DOING AWAY WITH REASONABLE PRESUMPTIONS
VII IT IS NOT ONLY THE ECONOMISTS OF THE COMMISSION WHO WILL HAVE TO APPLY THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
VIII WHERE IS THE CALABRESI OF THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STATE AID LAW?
IX ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STATE AID POLICY MUST BECOME MORE EMPIRICAL
X ECONOMIC ANALYSIS SHOULD GUIDE THE EXERCISE OF POLITICAL DISCRETION
XI MORE INDEPENDENT ACADEMIC WORK AND A SYSTEMIC APPROACH ARE NECESSARY
XII REDUCING INFORMATION COSTS FOR INDEPENDENT ACADEMIA
XIII ECONOMIC ANALYSIS MUST HELP TO REDUCE COMPLEXITY OF STATE AID POLICY
Chapter 3 Quelques aspects institutionnels du droit des aides d'Etat
I INTRODUCTION
II CERTAINES CARACTÉRISTIQUES DU DROIT DES AIDES D'ETAT
A ASPECTS SUBSTANTIELS
B ASPECTS INSTITUTIONNELS ET PROCÉDURAUX
III QUESTIONS INSTITUTIONNELLES RELATIVES AUX AIDES D'ETAT DANS L'ORDRE JURIDIQUE COMMUNAUTAIRE ET DANS LES RAPPORTS AVEC LES DROITS NATIONAUX
A LA NOTION D'AIDE
B LA PROCÉDURE EN MATIÈRE D'AIDES D'ETAT, LES DROITS DES PARTICULIERS ET L'ACCÈS AUX DOCUMENTS
C LES RÔLES RESPECTIFS DE LA COMMISSION ET DU CONSEIL
D LES RÔLES RESPECTIFS DE LA COMMISSION ET DES JURIDICTIONS NATIONALES
IV QUESTIONS INSTITUTIONNELLES RELATIVES AUX AIDES D'ETAT DANS LES ORDRES JURIDIQUES DES ETATS MEMBRES
A L'INFLUENCE DU CONTRÔLE DES AIDES SUR LES ÉQUILIBRESINST ITUTIONNELS NATIONAUX
B LA SÉLECTIVITÉ RÉGIONALE ET L'AGENCEMENT DES COMPÉTENCES DES RÉGIONS ET DES COLLECTIVITÉS LOCALES
C L'INVOCATION DU DROIT DES AIDES DANS LES DÉBATS ET DANS LES CONFLITS INSTITUTIONNELS NATIONAUX
V CONCLUSION
Chapter 4 State Resources and Preussen Elektra: When is a State Aid Not a State Aid?
I INTRODUCTION
II AN OVERVIEW OF THE RELEVANT JUDGMENTS
A STEINIKE
B VAN TIGGELE
C NORDDEUTSCHES VIEH- UND FLEISCHKONTOR HERBERT WILL
D COMMISSION V. FRANCE
E VAN DER KOOY
F GREECE V. COMMISSION
G ITALY V. COMMISSION
H SLOMAN NEPTUN
I KIRSAMMER-HACK
J AIR FRANCE
K VISCIDO
L ECOTRADE
M PIAGGIO
N LADBROKE
O PREUSSENELEKTRA
P STARDUST
Q PEARLE
R BOUYGUES
S SALVAT
T NETHERLANDS V. COMMISSION (NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSION TRADING)
U ESSENT
III ANALYSIS
A INTRODUCTION
B ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A BROADER INTERPRETATION OF 'STATE AID' THAN ADOPTED IN PREUSSENELEKTRA
IV CONCLUSION
Chapter 5 Pier Pressure: The Sad End of a Victorian Masterpiece?
I INTRODUCTION
II FACTUAL BACKGROUND
III IMPUTABILITY
IV PLANNING PERMISSION AND STATE RESOURCES
V IDENTIFYING THE TRUE BENEFICIARY OF STATE AID
VI ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
VII EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES
A THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 87(1) EC TO SERVICES
B THE RENOVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A NATIONAL MONUMENT
C LEISURE FACILITIES, CATERING AND RETAIL OUTLETS
VIII COMPATIBILITY WITH THE COMMON MARKET: THE CULTURAL EXEMPTION
IX THE SAD END OF A VICTORIAN MASTERPIECE?
X CONCLUSION
Chapter 6 The Private Market Investor Principle: Reality Check or Distorting Mirror?
I INTRODUCTION
II NATURE AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PRIVATE INVESTOR
A FINANCIAL CAPACITY
B FORM OF INVESTMENT
C IRRELEVANCE OF BURDENS OR BENEFITS ARISING FROM THE PUBLIC ROLE OF THE STATE INVESTOR
D MUST ALL EMANATIONS OF THE STATE PARTICIPATING IN AN UNDERTAKING BE COMPARED WITH A SINGLE HYPOTHETICAL INVESTOR?
III SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PRIVATE INVESTOR TEST
A EXPECTATION AND LEVEL OF RETURN
B FROM THE 'STRATEGIC INVESTOR' TO THE 'OWNER EFFECT' AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LEVEL OF RETURN
IV CONCLUSION
Chapter 7 La sélectivité régionale
I INTRODUCTION
II L'ARRÊT AÇORES
III ANALYSE DE L'ARRÊT AÇORES
IV NOUVELLE APPROCHE PROPOSÉE
V JUSTIFICATION PAR LA NATURE ET LOGIQUE DU SYSTÈME
VI CONCLUSION
Chapter 8 La procedure de controle des aides d'Etat peut-elle être utilisêe pour controler la bonne application d'autres dispositions de droit communautaire?
I INTRODUCTION
II LE PRINCIPE DE L'AUTONOMIE DES PROCÉDURES DE CONTRÔLE
III L'EXCEPTION LIÉE AU LIEN INDISSOLUBLE
IV LA DIFFICILE MISE EN OEUVRE DE CES PRINCIPES
A AIDES D'ÉTAT ET LIBERTÉS FONDAMENTALES
B AIDES D'ÉTAT ET DISCRIMINATIONS FISCALES
1 La relation étroite entre une aide et son mode de financement
2 La problématique du double guichet fiscal à la lumière de l'arrêt bp chemicals
C AIDES D'ÉTAT ET DROIT DE LA CONCURRENCE
D AIDES D'ÉTAT ET MARCHÉS PUBLICS
1 La violation des règles marchés publics peut-elle mettre en cause la compatibilité de l'aide?
2 L'octroi d'une aide à un soumissionnaire est-elle un motif d'exclusion du marché?
E AIDES D'ÉTAT ET DROIT DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT
1 Infractions environnementales et aides d'Etat
2 Aides d'état et quotas d'émission de gaz à effet de serre CO2
F AIDES D'ÉTAT ET AIDES COMMUNAUTAIRES VIA LES FONDS STRUCTURELS
1 Quant à l'applicabilité des règles dans le domaine des aides d'État
2 Quant à l' imputabilité
V CONCLUSION
Chapter 9 Export Aid and EC State Aid Control
I INTRODUCTION
II SOME DEFINITIONS
III STATE AID CONTROL AND COMMERCIAL POLICY
A COMMON COMMERCIAL POLICY INSTRUMENTS ON EXPORT AID
B THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATE AID DISCIPLINES AND THE COMMON COMMERCIAL POLICY IN THE FIELD OF EXPORT CREDITS
IV STATE AID REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES CONCERNING EXPORT AID
A THE COMMUNICATION ON SHORT-TERM EXPORT CREDIT INSURANCE
B EXPORT AID IN OTHER STATE AID REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES
V EXPORT AID AND THE NOTION OF STATE AID
A ADVANTAGE
B SELECTIVITY
C DISTORTION OF COMPETITION AND EFFECT ON INTRA-COMMUNITY TRADE
VI EXPORT AID AND COMPATIBILITY
A INTRA-COMMUNITY EXPORTS
B EXPORTS TO THIRD COUNTRIES
VII CONCLUSION
Chapter 10 Finding the Right Balance: State Aid and Services of General Economic Interest
I INTRODUCTION
II FROM FERRING TO ALTMARK: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?
III THE COMMISSION'S POST-ALTMARK PACKAGE
IV THE NOTION OF SGEI AND THE COMPETENCE TO DEFINE SGEI
V ENTRUSTMENT OF SGEIS AND THE IMPACT OF TENDERS
A ENTRUSTMENT
B TENDERS
VI PROPORTIONALITY AND THE 'EFFICIENCY GAP'
A 'ACTUAL' COSTS
B 'NET' COSTS
C A REASONABLE PROFIT
VII COST ALLOCATION AND CROSS-SUBSIDIES
A TIME HORIZON
VIII THE PROPOSALS TO MODIFY THE TREATY
IX CONCLUSION
Chapter 11 An Ecotax under the State Aid Spotlight: The UK Aggregates Levy
I INTRODUCTION
II EXCEPTIONAL FISCAL BURDEN
III INVERSE REMEDY
IV COMPLAINING TAX PAYER
V THE CONCEPT OF SECTOR
VI DE FACTO SELECTIVITY
VII IRRELEVANCE OF THE OBJECTIVE OF THE MEASURE
VIII NATURE OR GENERAL SCHEME OF THE SYSTEM
IX CONCLUSION
Chapter 12 Privatisations et déréglementations en droit communautaire
I INTRODUCTION
II PRIVATISATIONS
A CONTEXTE JURIDIQUE ET SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE
B DROIT D'ÉTABLISSEMENT
C MOUVEMENTS DE CAPITAUX
D ENTENTES ET CONCENTRATIONS
E AIDES D'ETAT
III DÉRÉGLEMENTATIONS
A CONTEXTE JURIDIQUE ET SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE
B MONOPOLES NATIONAUX
C DROITS EXCLUSIFS ET SPÉCIAUX
IV CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 13 Godot Is Here: Recovery As an Effective State Aid Remedy
I INTRODUCTION
II SOME KEY PRINCIPLES
A PURPOSE OF RECOVERY
B RECOVERY WITH COMPOUND INTEREST AT THE REFERENCE RATE
C NO NEED TO PROVIDE CASE-SPECIFIC REASONING
D NO NEED TO INDICATE THE EXACT AMOUNT TO BE RECOVERED
E RECOVERY AS A MEMBER STATE'S OBLIGATION OF RESULT
F LIMITS TO RECOVERY
G DUTY OF COLLABORATION BETWEEN COMMISSION AND MEMBER STATES
III RECENT AND DEVELOPING ISSUES
A IDENTIFICATION OF THE BENEFICIARY
B QUANTIFICATION OF THE AID TO BE RECOVERED FROM INDIRECT BENEFICIARIES
C RECOVERY THROUGH NEW AID
D THE DEGGENDORF PRINCIPLE
E INFRINGEMENT OF RECOVERY DECISIONS: WHICH PROCEDURE?
IV CONCLUSION
Chapter 14 The EC Rules Concerning Existing Aid: Substantial and Procedural Aspects
I INTRODUCTION
II THE NOTION OF EXISTING AID
A AID WHICH EXISTED PRIOR TO THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE TREATY IN THE RESPECTIVE MEMBER STATES
B AUTHORIZED AID
C AID WITH REGARD TO WHICH THE LIMITATION PERIOD HAS EXPIRED
D NATIONAL MEASURES WHICH BECOME AID AFTER THE EVOLUTION OF THE COMMON MARKET OR THE LIBERALIZATION OF CERTAIN SECTORS
E ALTERATIONS TO EXISTING AIDS
III THE LEGAL STATUS OF EXISTING AID
IV THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE CONCERNING EXISTING AID
A CHOICE OF PROCEDURE
B THE EXISTING AID PROCEDURE
C GENERAL MONITORING OF EXISTING AID
V JUDICIAL REVIEW
A POSSIBILITY TO CHALLENGE A DECISION TO OPEN AN ARTICLE 88(2) EC PROCEDURE QUALIFYING AN AID AS NEW AID
B POSSIBILITY TO CHALLENGE THE PROPOSAL FOR APPROPRIATE MEASURES OR THE COMMISSION RECORD OF THE MEMBER STATE'S AGREEMENT
C POSSIBILITY FOR A COMPLAINANT TO CHALLENGE A DECISION QUALIFYING AID AS EXISTING AID
D POSSIBILITY FOR A COMPLAINANT TO BRING AN ACTION FOR FAILURE TO ACT CONCERNING EXISTING AID
E PRELIMINARY RULINGS CONCERNING THE VALIDITY OF COMMISSION DECISIONS DECLARING EXISTING AID COMPATIBLE WITH THE COMMON MARKET
Chapter 15 The Temporal Application of the State Aid Rules
I INTRODUCTION
II GENERAL PRINCIPLES ON THE APPLICATION OF LAW IN TIME AND THEIR BEARING ON STATE AID CONTROL
A SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ON THE APPLICATION OF LAW IN TIME
B APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES TO STATE AID CONTROL
III TREATY RULES
A THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE ECSC AND EC TREATIES
B ACCESSION TREATIES
C THE EXPIRY OF THE ECSC TREATY
D SUBSTANTIVE AMENDMENTS TO THE EC TREATY
IV PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS
V OTHER REGULATIONS AND OTHER ACTS OF THE INSTITUTIONS
A ECSC STEEL AID CODES
B ECSC COAL AID CODES
C COUNCIL REGULATIONS ALLOWING FOR THE COMPATIBILITY OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF AID
D BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS
E THE BLOCK EXEMPTION DECISION ON SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST
F THE SME RECOMMENDATION
VI FRAMEWORKS, GUIDELINES AND SIMILAR INSTRUMENTS
VII CONCLUSION
Chapter 16 Third Parties in State Aid Control: More Than Just a Source of Information?
I INTRODUCTION
II THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMMISSION
A RIGHTS OF COMPLAINANTS
B OTHER THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
III STANDING BEFORE THE COMMUNITY COURTS AND ACTS CAPABLE OF BEING CHALLENGED
A REJECTION OF COMPLAINTS
B CHALLENGE OF FINAL DECISIONS
IV SOME TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 17 Some Thoughts on the Jurisprudence of European Courts Concerning the Admissibility of Actions against State Aid Decisions
I INTRODUCTION
II THE DIRECT CONCERN REQUIREMENT
III INDIVIDUAL CONCERN
IV CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 18 Quelques considérations sur le role du juge national dans le controle des aides d'Etat
I INTRODUCTION
II LES PARTICULARITÉS DU SYSTÈME DE CONTRÔLE DES AIDES D'ETAT
III LE DOUBLE RÔLE DU JUGE NATIONAL
A APPLICATION DE L'ARTICLE 88, PARAGRAPHE 3, DERNIÈRE PHRASE
B APPLICATION DES DÉCISIONS DE LA COMMISSION
IV COMPÉTENCES DU JUGE NATIONAL AU COURS DES DIFFÉRENTES ÉTAPES DE L'EXAMEN DE LA COMPATIBILITÉ
A 'TERRAIN VIERGE'
B APRÈS LA DÉCISION D'OUVERTURE
C INJONCTION
D MESURES UTILES
E DÉCISION FINALE
V CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 19 La fiscalite façonnée par la discipline des aides d'Etat
I INTRODUCTION
II AIDES D'ETAT ET FINANCES PUBLIQUES
A TAXES PARAFISCALES ET TAXES NÉGATIVES
B LES FRANCHISES COMME PRIVILÈGE
III LE CONTRIBUABLE AU SERVICE DE LA DISCIPLINE DES AIDES D'ETAT
A LES OPÉRATEURS EN TANT QUE CONTRIBUABLES SANS RAPPORT DE CONCURRENCE
B LES CONTRIBUABLES EN TANT QUE CONCURRENTS
IV CONCLUSION: LE FAÇONNEMENT DE LA FISCALITÉ PAR LES AIDES ET SES LIMITES
Chapter 20 L'application de la discipline des aides d'Etat: la quête judiciaire d'un nouveau Graal
I INTRODUCTION
II UNE INCERTITUDE PERSISTANTE SUR LA COMPATIBILITÉ DE L'AIDE SUITE À L'ANNULATION DES DÉCISIONS SUCCESSIVES DE LA COMMISSION
A LA PREMIÈRE DÉCISION DE LA COMMISSION
B LA DEUXIÈME DÉCISION DE LA COMMISSION
C LA TROISIÈME DÉCISION DE LA COMMISSION
III UNE ABSENCE PROLONGÉE DE SANCTION DE L'ILLÉGALITÉ DE L'AIDE MALGRÉ LA SAISINE DES JURIDICTIONS NATIONALES
A LES DÉVELOPPEMENTS DEVANT LES JURIDICTIONS NATIONALES
B L'INTERVENTION PRÉJUDICIELLE DU JUGE COMMUNAUTAIRE
Chapter 21 The Relationship between WTO Subsidies Law and EC State Aid Law
I INTRODUCTION
II MAIN SOURCES OF WTO SUBSIDIES LAW AND EC STATE AID LAW
III FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WTO SUBSIDIES LAW AND EC STATE AID LAW
IV GIVING EFFECT TO THE SCM AGREEMENT
V THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WTO SUBSIDIES LAW AND EC STATE AID LAW
VI EC BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS AND PROHIBITED SUBSIDIES
VII GLOBALIZATION
VIII COMPARATIVE REVIEW
IX CONCLUSION
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