Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in the Text

ABES Associação Brasileria de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental Acy acidity acu apparent color unit ADP adenosine diphosphate AGI acute gastrointestinal illness AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Alk alkalinity AO aesthetic objective A/O anaerobic/oxic AMP adenosine monophosphate AOB ammonia oxidizing bacteria AOTR actual oxygen transfer rate APHA American Public Health Association aq aqueous AS activated sludge ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers asu areal standard unit ATA anaerobic toxicity assay ATAD autothermal aerobic digestion atm atmosphere ATP adenosine triphosphate AWWA American Water Works Association BAF biological activated filter BAT best available technology BDST bed-depth-service time BMP biomethane potential BNR biological nutrient removal BOD biochemical oxygen demand BODu ultimate BOD bp base pair; boiling point Bq Becquerel Btu British thermal unit cap capita CAS conventional activated sludge c/c center to center CCME Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention cf compare with CFD computational fluid dynamics CFU colony forming unit CH carbonate hardness Ci curie CM complete mixed CML Centrum voor Milieukunde - Universiteit Leiden COD chemical oxygen demand CSCE Canadian Society of Civil Engineers CSO combined sewer overflow CSTR completely stirred tank reactor CTA cell transformation assay CWQI Canadian Water Quality Index 1-D one-dimensional Da Dalton DALY Disability-Adjusted Life Year DBP disinfection byproduct DC direct current DDT dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane deg degree DF dilution factor DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DND/DNB do not drink/do not boil DO dissolved oxygen DOI digital object identifier DPD N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine DSFF downflow stationary fixed film DST defined substrate technology EBCT empty bed contact time EC Escherichia coli EC50 see LC50 ed. edition; editor EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid EIA environmental impact assessment EMF electromotive force EPA Environmental Protection Agency eq equivalent ES effective size EU European Union FA formic acid FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FBD fine bubble diffuser FC fecal coliforms ft-c foot-candles FD filtration and disinfection FE free energy FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization F:M food:microorganism ratio Fr Froude number FS fecal streptococci; flat sheet; flat screen FSS fixed suspended solids ft foot (feet) g gaseous; gram GAC granular activated carbon gal gallon (US) GAO glycogen accumulating organisms GC gas chromatography GLUMRB Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board GTP guanosine triphosphate HF hollow fiber HIV human immunodeficiency viruses h hour ha hectare HF hollow fiber hp horsepower HP hydrogen peroxide HPC heterotrophic plate count HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography HRT hydraulic retention time IAWPRC International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control IAWQ International Association on Water Quality i.d. internal diameter IFAS integrated fixed film activated sludge I/I inflow and infiltration IJC International Joint Commission IMO International Maritime Organization in. inch IRC International Reference Centre ISS inert suspended solids IWA International Water Association IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry KN Kjeldahl nitrogen L length; liter l liquid lb pound lm lumen LC50 lethal concentration for 50% of the organisms LCA life cycle analysis (assessment) LCI life cycle inventory analysis LCIA life cycle impact assessment LE Ludzack-Ettinger LHS left-hand side LI Langelier index ln natural (base e) or Naperian logarithm log base 10 logarithm LUCA last universal common ancestor m molal; meter M mass; molar MAC maximum acceptable...