Digital Ethics

Name: Digital Ethics | The issue of images
Brand: Nomos
Price: 109.0 EUR
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The issue of images

Thomas Dreier Tiziana Andina(Herausgeber*in)

Nomos (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 12. Mai 2022

426 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Part 1 From Drawings to Deep Fakes - Some Introductory Remarks
Chapter 1 Images, Technology, Ethics and Law - An Intricate Relationship
I. Digital Ethics - The Issue of Images: An Introduction
1. Defining the issue
a) What is to be understood by digital image ethics?
b) Changes brought about by digital and networking technologies
2. Issues of digital image ethics
a) Practical level
b) Semantical level
3. Method and aim of the book
a) Questions to be asked
b) Consequential ethics
4. Law and ethics
II. The Contributions of This Book
1. Transalpine considerations
2. The parts of this book
3. The contributions in detail
a) The ethical framework
b) Images, art and society
c) Binary encoding and artificial intelligence: The dissolution of the visual object
d) Technology, ethics and legal norms
e) Ethics and fundamental rights
References
Chapter 2 From Goethe's Italian Journey to Transalpine Online Navigation - Narrative Changes and Transnational Stereotypes
I. Preface
II. "Travelling" as a Medium of Communication and Discovery
III. Letters, Circulars, and Broadcast Chains
IV. How We Participate in Foreign Life
V. The Power of the "Image"
VI. Conclusion
References
Part 2 Ethical Foundations
Chapter 3 Digital Image Ethics - How it Could be Pursued and What It Might Have to Say
I. Introduction
II. Digital Ethics Today: A Snapshot
III. Ethics: Challenged by Both a Problem of Justification and a Problem of Application
1. The problem of justification
2. The problem of application
IV. The Possibility of Applied Ethics
1. The need for applied ethics
2. Applied ethics is different from everyday moral judging
3. The "seat in life" of applied ethics
V. The Task of Digital Image Ethics
VI. What Digital Image Ethics Might Have to Say: Three Examples
1. The Principle of Unconditionally Permissible Use of all Vocabulary of a Visual Language
2. The Principle of the Legitimacy of Taking Photographs in Museums
3. The Principle of Prohibiting Deception by Manipulated Photographs
References
Chapter 4 Form and Norm in Pictures
References
Part 3 Images, Art and Society
Chapter 5 Who Cares About Privacy? - The Documedia Surplus Value
I. Prologue: The Virus and the Web
II. Privacy, Post-Truth, and Documedia Surplus Value
III. From the Superstructure to the Structure
1. Quantity: big data
2. Quality: rich data
3. Relation: secret data
4. Modality: real data
5. The unfair exchange
IV. Epilogue: Objections and Answers
References
Chapter 6 Immersive Artistic Forms - What They Are and How to Identify Them
I. Introduction
II. Technology
1. Knowledge
a) Planning
b) Processing
2. Practices
a) Dispositions
b) Reality
III. Metaphysics
1. Structures
a) Forms
b) Hybridizations
2. Immersivity
a) Interaction
b) Identification Criteria
IV. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 From Works to Living Means of Communication - The Digital Image and the 'Iconic Turn'
I. The Democratization of the Image Tools
II. From Analogue Images to Forms of Orality
III. Aby Warburg's "Pathosformeln"
IV. Selfies and Emojis
V. The Vivification of the Images: Memes
VI. The Application of Social Media Tools to Classical Artworks
VII. ...and The Future? - Consequences for Authorship and Copyright
References
Chapter 8 Fairness Aspects of Techniques of Referencing Cultures
I. Referencing as a Cultural Phenomenon
II. The Importance of Referencing Cultures
1. Historical use of referencing and appropriation
2. Appropriation art
3. Referencing as a medium of communication
III. Under German Copyright Law
1. Consent pursuant to § 23 (1) sentence 2 UrhG
2. Citation according to § 51 UrhG
3. Caricature or parody according to § 51a UrhG
4. Pastiche according to § 51a UrhG
a) A broad understanding of pastiche in the Explanatory Memorandum to the German Act implementing the DSM-Directive
b) A narrow understanding of pastiche
c) Pastiche does not achieve a systemic change
V. Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9 Towards a New Ethic: Building Transgenerationality - Digital Images to Orient the Future
I. Digital Images
II. The Transgenerational Bond
III. Transgenerational Actions
IV. Transgenerational Images
References
Chapter 10 Iconoclasm and Iconoclash - The Digital Restoration of the Movement-Image
I. Iconoclasm as a Means of Innovation and Reappraisal
II. Iconoclasm and Iconoclash
III. Digital Preservation and Restoration
IV. Provisional Conclusion
References
Part 4 Binary Encoding, Artificial Intelligence and the Dissolution of the Visual Object
Chapter 11 Semioethics of the Visual Fake
I. The Intimate Nature of the Visual Fake
II. The Visual Fake, Technology, and Evolution
III. Conventionality and Motivation in the Technology of the Visual Fake
IV. The Third Way of Semiotics
V. Semiotics as Discipline of the Fake
VI. The Background of Reflection: Advances and Lacunae
VII. The Tasks Ahead for a Semioethics of the Visual Fake
VIII. Conclusions: On Fakes and Viruses
References
Chapter 12 From Copy & Paste to Deep Fakes - Digital Collaging and Image Manipulation
I. Introduction
II. From Copy & Paste to Deep Fakes - The Origins of Image Manipulation
1. A brief history of image manipulation
a) Starting point: art forgery
b) Making history with fake photographs
c) "Face swap" as preliminary stage
2. The Technology behind: deep fake algorithms
a) Deep learning
b) Autoencoder
c) Generative adversarial network
3. The power of images: why images are more than simple information media
III. Deceptions Through Image Manipulation in the Information Age
1. State of the art: what AI is already capable of
2. Deep learning technology and its consequences
a) Consequences for the individual as a social being
b) Potentially affected rights
c) Indirect consequences: disinformation
3. Regulating the consequences: possible solutions for this problem
a) Legal mechanisms
b) Technical solutions
c) Social measures
d) Combination
IV. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 The Multi-Layered Information in a Digital Image
I. Semantic Information
II. Syntactic Information
III. Structural Information
IV. Context of Creation
V. Conclusion
References:
Chapter 14 Portrait or Personal Data - The Rivalry of Image and Data Protection Legislation
I. Introduction
II. The Collision of Regulatory Regimes in German Law
1. The codification of the right to one's own image in the KUG: an overview
2. Images in the scope of European data protection law
III. The Relationship Between the GDPR and the KUG
1. Opening clauses in the GDPR
2. The KUG and the opening clauses of the GDPR
a) Journalistic and artistic purposes
b) Other purposes
c) Opening clauses and already existing laws
3. The (legal) discrepancy between capturing images and their publication
IV. Concluding Remarks: The Future of Image Protection Law
References
Chapter 15 Human Authorship and Art Created by Artificial Intelligence - Where Do We Stand?
I. Introductory Note
II. A New Agenda for Copyright Laws
III. AI-Generated Art and Creativity
IV. AI-Made Art and the Law
V. AI-Made Art and the Art World
VI. Concluding Remarks
References
Part 5 Technology, Ethics and Legal Norms
Chapter 16 A Face in the Cloud? - Identifying Moral Issues and Constraints in Cloud-Based Image Storage
I. Digitization in Economic Transactions
II. 'Servitization' and Cloud-Based Image Storage
III. Seeking Moral and Practical Continuity
IV. Moral Constraints on Cloud-Based Image Storage
1. Accumulating
2. Accessing
3. Curating
4. Deleting
V. Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 The Deontic Power of the Internet - Access Controls and the Obsolescence of Legal Norms
I. What It's All About and what Consequences Does it Entail?
II. Voluntary Application of Technical Measures Restricting Legal Freedoms Supported by Anti-Circumvention Legislation
1. From public goods to technical protection measures
2. Technical protection measures and copyright exceptions and limitations
a) Legislative solutions
b) Reactions of the courts
c) Additional issues described in legal literature
3. Some thoughts for discussion
a) Is there really a problem?
b) Advantages of technological restrictions
III. Mandatory Decision-Making Power by Private Parties
1. Case scenarios
2. Structural issues
3. Ethical considerations
IV. Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 18 Algorithmic Censorship of Online Visual Content - Ethical, Political, and Economic Rationales
I. Introduction
II. Censorship
III. Reasons for Censorship
IV. Algorithmic Judgment and the Pragmatics of Pictorial Speech Acts
References
Chapter 19 The Issue of the Image of Algorithms
I. The Need for Regulating Algorithms
1. Fear of algorithms and technology
2. Improvements through regulation
3. Present impact of algorithms
II. Some Remarks Concerning Terminology
1. Regulation
2. Algorithm
3. Regulating algorithms
III. Examples of Existing Approaches to Regulation
1. Initiating regulation through algorithm type-specific guidelines
2. Regulating with respect to the domain of application
a) EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
b) Ranking: regulation in a B2B context
c) Automated administrative acts in Germany
3. Summary
IV. Improving the Image of Algorithms Outside of Legal Regulation
1. Algo.Rules
2. Google model cards
V. What Comes Next?
References
Part 6 Ethics and Fundamental Rights
Chapter 20 The Constitutional Protection of Images
I. Preliminaries
1. What "images" are we talking about?
2. Depictions, illustrations, data, information, metaphors, imaginations: the multiformity of the concept of image
3. Wording in the following: "inner" and "outer" images, "self-images" and "foreign images"
II. Points of Reference
1. State organization law
a) State symbols
b) "Guiding images" of the state or individual state organs
c) Dealing with "outer" images beyond states symbols and guiding principles ("image regimes")
2. Fundamental rights
3. Prospect on the further argumentation
III. Case Study: Soraya vs. Caroline - A Legal Comparison Between Italy, Germany and Europe
1. Soraya before the Italian courts
2. Caroline before the German courts
3. Caroline before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
4. Comparison between the three decisions
IV. Soraya and Caroline 2.0: The Impact of Digitalization
1. Impact on "outer" images
2. Impact on "inner" images
3. Impact on the relationship between the "inner" and "outer image"
V. In the End: Constitutional Requirements for the Dissemination of Digital Images
References
Chapter 21 Contemporary Art on Trial - The Fundamental Right to Free Artistic Expression and the Regulation of the Use of Images by Copyright Law
I. Copyright, Appropriation Art and Artistic Freedom
1. Appropriation art's discontents with copyright
2. The traditional approach: narrow interpretation of exceptions and internal control by fundamental rights
II. External Control in the Light of Freedom of Artistic Expression
1. Fundamental Rights and the CJEU
2. Fundamental Rights and the ECtHR
3. Other national jurisdictions
III. Resistance to Change and the Internalization of a (Limited) Flexibility by Way of Fundamental Rights
1. Resistance to change: the improper use of the proportionality test by the judiciary in copyright cases
2. CJEU: Internalization of a (limited) room to manoeuvre using fundamental rights
IV. Proposal of a European Style "Fair Use" Grounded in Freedom of Expression
V. The U.S. "Fair Use" Exception
VI. A proposal for a European "Fair Use" Test
VII. Conclusion
References
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