Investigating Variation

Name: Investigating Variation | The Effects of Social Organization and Social Setting
Brand: OUP eBook
Price: 76.39 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

The Effects of Social Organization and Social Setting

Nancy C. Dorian(Autor*in)

OUP eBook (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 6. Juli 2010

373 Seiten

E-Book

PDF mit Adobe-DRM

Systemvoraussetzungen

978-0-19-973825-0 (ISBN)

76,39 €inkl. 7% MwSt.

Systemvoraussetzungen

für PDF mit Adobe-DRM

E-Book Einzellizenz

Als Download verfügbar

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Inhalt

Intro
Contents
Phonetic/Phonological Values of Symbols Appearing in the Text
1 The Variation Puzzle
1 Linguistic Variation without Social Weighting
2 High Levels of Socially Neutral Linguistic Variation in Three Socioeconomically Undifferentiated Minority-Language Enclaves
3 Exposure to Standard-Language or Mainstream Norms and Deviations from Those Norms in English and in Gaelic
3.1 English and Its Dialect Forms
3.2 Vernacular Gaelic and Formal Gaelic
3.3 Local Speech Features in the East Sutherland Fisherfolk Context
4 Initial Encounters with Variability
4.1 Encountering the Language
4.2 Encountering Intra-Community Variation
4.3 Age-Related Variation
5 Inter-Speaker and Intra-Speaker Variation in the Gaelic-Speaking Communities
5.1 Examples of Inter- and Intra-Speaker Differences in the Use of Two Variables
5.2 The Evidence of Dialect Geography
5.3 The Possible Effect of Gender
5.4 The Possible Effect of Style
5.5 The Possible Effect of Kinship or of Household Membership
5.6 The Prevalence of Idiosyncratic, Socially Neutral Variation
6 Coming to Grips with the Variation Puzzle
6.1 The Inadequacy of Obsolescence as an Explanation for Idiosyncratic Variation
7 Researcher Responses to Seemingly Idiosyncratic Variation among Speakers
7.1 Residual Prescriptivism
7.2 Data Control via Source Selection
7.3 Search for an Assumed Uniformity
7.4 Concentration on the Group Rather than the Individual
7.5 Expectation of Linguistic Focusing within Small, Tight-Knit, Highly Interactive Communities
7.6 Expectation of Linguistic Accommodation to Other Speakers
7.7 Expectation of Linkage between Variation and Social Differentiation
7.8 Researcher Responses: Summary
8 Variation within and across Village Boundaries
8.1 Local Responses to Variation: Inter-Village Variation
8.2 Local Responses to Variation: Intra-Village Variation
8.3 Fisherfolk Populations United and Divided by Gaelic
9 Plan of the Remainder of the Book
2 The East Sutherland Fishing Communities
1 Introduction: Fishing as a Subsistence Mode
2 Creation of the East Sutherland Fishing Communities: The "Improvement" Era
2.1 The Highland Clearances in the East Sutherland Context
3 Fishing as a Way of Life in East Sutherland
3.1 The Local Fishery: Line Fishing
3.2 The National Fishery: Herring Fishing
4 The East Sutherland Fisherfolk as a Socially and Linguistically Distinctive Population
4.1 Separateness and Poverty
4.2 Separateness and Language
4.3 Separateness and Endogamy
5 The Fishing Communities as Face-to-Face Communities
5.1 Geographic and Demographic Characteristics
5.2 Egalitarianism as a Fishing Community Norm
5.3 Gender-Distinctive Work Roles
5.4 Multiplex Roles
5.5 Community Membership
3 Dimensions of Linguistic Variation in a Socioeconomically Homogeneous Population
1 Introduction: The Residual Fisherfolk Populations in the 1960s and After
2 Varieties of Variation in East Sutherland Gaelic
3 Geographically Based Variation in Fisherfolk Gaelic
3.1 An Example of Geographically Based Variation
3.2 Establishing the Existence of Geographically Based Variation
4 Age-Related Variation in Fisherfolk Gaelic
4.1 An Example of Age-Related Variation
4.2 Establishing the Existence of Age-Related Variation
5 Style-Related Variation in Fisherfolk Gaelic
5.1 An Example of Style-Related Variation
5.2 Establishing the Existence of Style-Related Variation
6 Personally Patterned Variation in Fisherfolk Gaelic
6.1 An Example of Personal-Pattern Variation
6.2 Cases of Age-Related Variation and Personal-Pattern Variation Compared
6.3 Age-Related and Personally Patterned Variation Compared: Summary
6.4 The Idiosyncratic Variant-Use Patterns of a Key Embo Sibling Pair
6.5 Establishing the Existence of Personally Patterned Variation
7 The Challenges of Investigating Personally Patterned Variation in the Fisherfolk Communities
7.1 Assembling a More Adequate Database
7.2 Establishing Lack of Social Weighting in Connection with Individual Variant Selections
7.3 Summary: Absence of Social Evaluation in Personally Patterned Variation
4 A General Introduction to Speakers and Variables
1 Introduction
2 The Database
2.1 Elicited Material
2.2 Freely Spoken Material
3 Focus on Embo Gaelic
4 Sources
4.1 Village of Origin
4.2 Age
4.3 Sex
4.4 Proficiency: Descriptive Proficiency-Level Labels
4.5 Proficiency: Evaluative Proficiency-Level Labels
5 Speakers
5.1 Factors in Gaelic-Language Social Interaction Patterns
6 Variables: Introduction
6.1 Selection of Variables for Presentation
6.2 Particular Variable Features Selected for Discussion
6.3 Choices in the Identification of Variant Forms
6.4 Representation of the Variables
6.5 Inclusion of Repetitions and Broken-Off Variants in Token Counts
7 Selection and Presentation of Variables: Summary
5 A Close Look at Some Embo Variables and Their Use
Part I: The Variables
1 Introduction
2 Order of Presentation and Percentage of Use
3 Features of Variant Use
3.1 The Significance of Personal-Pattern Ubiquity: Brora and Golspie Parallels
3.2 Absolute Numbers versus Percentage of Use
3.3 Elicited versus Freely Spoken Variants and Other Possible Stylistically Cued Patterns of Variant Use
4 Multivariant Variables: Five-Variant Variables
4.1 The Variable Adverbial ('in')
4.2 The Variable Conjunctional ('when')
4.3 The Variable ('along with')
5 Gender and Multiple- or Single-Variant Use for the Five-Variant Variables
6 Alignment of Individual Variant Preferences: Three Five-Variant Variables
6.1 Variant-Preference Distributions
6.2 Variant-Preference Clusterings
6.3 Clusterings by Sex of Speaker
6.4 Invariance
6.5 The London-Embo Speaker Group
6.6 Patterns of Atypical Variant Preference
7 Multivariant Variables: Four- and Three-Variant Variables
7.1 The Variable ('would go')
7.2 The Variable ('family')
7.3 The Variable ('from, off, of')
7.4 The Variable (preterite particle) before Front Vowel
7.5 The Variable ('potato')
8 Alignment of Individual Variant Preferences: Eight Multivariant Variables
9 Two-Variant variables
9.1 The Variable ('wasn't/weren't')
9.2 The Variable ('came')
9.3 The Variable ('tomorrow')
9.4 The Variable ('saw')
9.5 The Variable Demonstrative ('that')
9.6 The Variable Affirming ('is/are')
9.7 The Variable ('needing')
9.8 The Variable ('this')
9.9 The Variable ('out')
9.10 The Variable ('near')
Part II: Variant Use by Speech Functions, Variability by Speaker and Variable, and Speakers' Levels of Variant-Preference Agreement and Disagreement
10 The Effect of Elicitation on Variant Use
10.1 Variables with Analogically Formed Variants
10.2 Variables with Both Disyllabic and Monosyllabic Variants
10.3 Other Variables
11 Other Potentially Style-Related Patterns of Variant Use
11.1 Variant-Use Patterns in Traditional Material
11.2 Variant-Use Patterns in Stories with Sharp Differences in Tone and Affect
11.3 Variant-Use Patterns in Extended Discourse
11.4 Variant-Use Patterns with Different Interlocutors
11.5 Conclusion
12 Variability as a Property of Variables and of Speakers
12.1 Individual Speakers' Levels of Variation
12.2 Variables Compared by the Number of Individuals Using More than One Variant
13 Speakers Compared by the Typicality or Aberrance of Their Variant Preferences
14 Speakers' Levels of Agreement and Disagreement with Fellow Speakers
14.1 Relatively High Levels of Agreement on Variant Preference
14.2 Relatively Low Levels of Agreement on Variant Preference
14.3 Unpredictable Outcomes in Levels of Agreement on Variant Preferences
6 Kin Groups, Peer Groups, and Variation
1 Introduction
2 The Influence of Family and Peer Group
3 The Centrality of Kin Groups in Embo's Social Structure
4 Working with the Members of Key Sibling Sets
5 Variant Selections by Percentage of Use among Family-Group Members: Introduction
5.1 Group 1
5.2 Group 2
5.3 Group 3
5.4 Group 4
6 Variant-Preference Patterns among Members of a Self-Identified Peer Group
7 Summary
7 Speech Norms, Accommodation, and Speaking Well in Gaelic Embo
1 Introduction
2 Social Responses to Linguistic Divergence
2.1 Social Responses to Divergent Variant Choices
2.2 Social Responses to Divergent Language Choice
2.3 Social Responses to Geographically Divergent Forms
2.4 Language and Identity
3 Absence of Community-Internal Accommodation to Personal-Pattern Variation
3.1 Accommodation and Non-accommodation to the Usage of Gaelic-Speaking Outsiders: Conversational Interactions with Speakers of Other Dialects
3.2 Accommodation and Non-accommodation to the Usage of a Non-local Speaker of the Local Fisherfolk Gaelic
3.3 Non-accommodation in Variant Selection within Multispeaker Interactions
4 Accommodation and the Effect of Translation Tasks
4.1 Elicitation Responses to an Outsider Speaking the Local Gaelic
4.2 Elicitation Responses to a Speaker of Non-local Gaelic
5 The Exception to the Rule: A Variable with Negatively Weighted Variants
5.1 Older Speakers' Practices and Attitudes with Regard to Gerund Formation
5.2 Younger Speakers' Attitudes and Practices with Regard to Gerund Formation
5.3 Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Analogical Gerund Formation
5.4 Gerund Formation with Verbs Borrowed from English
5.5 Responses to Variation in Gerund Formation Compared with Responses to Variation in Other Linguistic Forms
6 Low Awareness of Within-the-Community Variation Revisited
7 Speaking Well in a Community with an Unwritten Vernacular
7.1 The Menomini Indians and the Embo Fisherfolk as Bilingual/Multilingual Communities in Transition
7.2 Components of Being a "Good" Speaker in a Community without Mother-Tongue Literacy
7.3 The Committed Speaker as a "Good" Speaker
7.4 "Good" Menomini Speakers Compared with "Good" Fisherfolk Gaelic Speakers
7.5 Speaking Well Reconsidered
8 Assessing Speaker Skills
8.1 Disparate Skills at the Low End of the Proficiency Continuum
8.2 Assessing Speaker Skills: Conclusion
8 Socially Neutral Linguistic Variation: Where, Why, What For, and How?
1 Introduction: Discounting Variation
2 Inter-Speaker Variation among Close Kin and Agemates
3 Factors in the Persistence of Socially Neutral Variation
3.1 Absence of Linguistic Codification and Home-Language Literacy in Small, Isolated Minority-Group Communities
3.2 Socioeconomic Homogeneity, Together with Weakness of Other Potential Social and Linguistic Correlations
3.3 Population Mixture and Language Contact
4 Absence of Social Weighting of Variants in Inter-Speaker and Intra-Speaker Variation
5 Socially Neutral Individual Variation and Obsolescence
6 Contributory Factors in Socially Neutral Individual Variation: Summary
7 Ideological Factors Bearing on Socially Neutral Individual Variation and Its Recognition
7.1 Recognizing Alternative Ideologies
7.2 Recognizing One's Own Ideology
8 The "What For?" Issue in Socially Neutral Individual Variation
8.1 Variability, Variant Selection, and Personal Voice
9 How Is Personally Patterned Variation Transmitted?
9 Conclusion
1 Introduction
2 Contrary to Expectations: Personally Patterned Variation in Embo Gaelic
2.1 Rampant Inter-Speaker and Intra-Speaker Variation in a Small, Densely Interactive, and Socially Homogeneous Community
2.2 Ongoing Maintenance of High Variation Levels
2.3 Non-participation of Personal-Pattern Variables in Marking Group Membership
2.4 The Social Neutrality of Variants
2.5 Low Awareness of Acoustically Salient Variation
3 Remaining Questions
3.1 Are Largely Uniform Descriptive Accounts Justified?
3.2 Is the Linguistic System of the Community More Regular than That of the Individual?
3.3 What of "Structured Heterogeneity" and Implications for Language Change?
3.4 Is There a Place for the Individual in Linguistic Analysis?
4 Methodological Implications of Embo Personal-Pattern Variation
4.1 Beginning with the Variants or Beginning with the Group That Uses Them
4.2 Implications for Dialect Geography
4.3 Selection of Sources and Inclusion or Exclusion of Data
5 Social Structure and Linguistic Variation
Notes
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W

Systemvoraussetzungen

Als PDF speichern Als Link merken