Because of their extremely low viscosity, liquid helium and ultra-cold helium gas provide ideal media for fundamental studies of fluid flow and turbulence at extremely high Reynolds numbers. Such flows occur in aerospace applications (satellite reentry) and other extreme conditions, where they are difficult to study. A cryogenic-helium wind tunnel would allow one to model these flows in a laboratory at much more benign conditions. Such studies have not been feasible because, using these fluids in a wind tunnel requires more liquid helium than has readily been available. However, the capacity of the refrigerators installed at several physics laboratories that supply liquid helium for particle accelerators (such as the one intended for the SSC in Texas or the one at Brookhaven National Laboratory) is so great that some of the liquid helium or the ultra-cold helium gas may also be used for fluid dynamics studies. The chapters in this book survey the challenges and prospects for research on fluid flows at high Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers using cryogenic helium. They cover a wide range of topics: from refrigeration and instrumentation to theories of superfluid turbulence. The chapters are largely based on contributions to a workshop held at Brookhaven, but these have all been brought up to the state of the art in late 1997; in addition, several chapters contain entirely new material. This book will be of interest to physicist interested in fluid dynamics, mechanical engineers interested in turbulent flows and transport, and naval and aerospace engineers.
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Verlagsort
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ISBN-13
978-1-4612-2230-9 (9781461222309)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4612-2230-9
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Ultra-High Reynolds Number Flows Using Cryogenic Helium: An Overview.- Helium Flows at Ultra-High Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers: Opportunities and Challenges.- European Large Scale Helium Refrigeration.- Cryogenic Wind Tunnels for Aerodynamic Testing.- Application of Magnetic Suspension and Balance Systems to Ultra-High Reynolds Number Facilities.- The Temperature and Pressure Dependencies of Fluid Properties: Implications for Achieving Ultra-High Rayleigh and Reynolds And Rayleigh Numbers.- Advanced Measurement Techniques for Flow Diagnostics.- Current Status of Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Doppler Anemometry Instrumentation.- Application of a Laser Doppler Velocimeter and Some Visualization Methods to the Measurement of He II Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Phenomena.- Cryogenic Thermometry for Turbulence Research: An Overview.- Realization of a 107 Reynolds Number Helium Facility.- The Mean Velocity Profile in Turbulent Pipe Flow.- Instrument Development For High Reynolds Number Flows in Liquid Helium.- Free Thermal Convection in Low Temperature Helium Gas.- Buoyant Plumes and Internal Waves: Two Experiments in Turbulent Convection.- High-Rayleigh Number Turbulence of a Low Prandtl Number Fluid.- Recent Velocity Measurements in Turbulent Thermal Convection.- Convection in 3He-Superfluid-4He: A Novel System for Studying Convective Instabilities and Turbulence.- Experiments on Strong Turbulence: Do We Really Measure What We Say We Measure?.- Turbulent Mixing of a Passive Scalar.- A Brief Overview of the RHIC Cryogenic System.- High Reynolds Number Testing Requirements in (Civilian) Aeronautics.- Considerations For Small Detectors in High Reynolds Number Experiments.- Helium Gas Turbulence Experiments in Grenoble: Techniques and Results.- Turbulence Driven Between Counter-rotating Disks in Low Temperature Helium Gas.- Some Issues in Geophysical Turbulence and the Need for Accurate High Reynolds Number Measurements.- Does Fully-Developed Turbulence Exist?.- Hydrodynamic Turbulence: a 19th Century Problem with a Challenge for the 21st Century.- Are Scalings of Turbulence Universal?.- Vortex Lines in Non-Uniform Flows.- Modeling of Sea Storms on Cryogenic Installations.- Decay of Grid Turbulence in Superfluid 4He.- First Images of Controlled Convection in Liquid Helium.- High Reynolds number [R? = O (106)] Boundary Layer Turbulence in the Atmospheric Surface layer Above Western Utah's Salt Flats.
