Waste Immobilization in Glass and Ceramic Based Hosts

Name: Waste Immobilization in Glass and Ceramic Based Hosts | Radioactive, Toxic and Hazardous Wastes
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Radioactive, Toxic and Hazardous Wastes

Ian W. Donald(Autor*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 20. März 2010

526 Seiten

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Inhalt

Waste Immobilizationin Glass and Ceramic Based Hosts
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
1: Introduction
1.1 Categories of Waste and Waste Generation in the Modern World
1.1.1 Radioactive Wastes from Nuclear Power and Defence Operations
1.1.2 Toxic and Hazardous Wastes
1.1.3 Other Sources of Waste Material
1.2 General Disposal Options
1.3 Radiation Issues
1.4 Waste Disposal and the Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors
1.5 Nuclear Accidents and the Lessons Learnt
References
2: Materials Toxicity and Biological Effects
2.1 Metals
2.1.1 Beryllium, Barium and Radium
2.1.2 Vanadium
2.1.3 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
2.1.4 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
2.1.5 Platinum-group Metals
2.1.6 Nickel
2.1.7 Copper, Silver and Gold
2.1.8 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury
2.1.9 Aluminium and Thallium
2.1.10 Tin and Lead
2.1.11 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
2.1.12 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
2.1.13 Thorium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium and Americium
2.2 Compounds
2.3 Asbestos
References
3: Glass and Ceramic Based Systems and General Processing Methods
3.1 Glass Formation
3.1.1 Glass-Forming Ability
3.1.2 Thermal Stability
3.2 Types of Glass
3.2.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glasses
3.2.2 Phosphate Glasses
3.2.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses
3.2.4 Alternative Glasses
3.3 Ceramics
3.4 Glass-Ceramics
3.5 Glass and Ceramic Based Composite systems
3.6 Processing of Glass and Ceramic Materials
3.6.1 Melting and Vitrification
3.6.2 Powder Processing and Sintering
3.6.3 Hot Pressing
3.6.4 Sol-Gel Processing
3.6.5 Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis
3.6.6 Microwave Processing
References
4: Materials Characterization
4.1 Chemical Analysis
4.2 Thermal Analysis
4.3 Structural Analysis
4.3.1 Optical and Electron Microscopy
4.3.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
4.3.3 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction
4.3.4 Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy
4.3.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
4.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
4.4 Mechanical Properties
4.4.1 Fracture Mechanics
4.4.2 Flexural Strength of Materials
4.4.3 Lifetime Behaviour
4.5 Chemical Durability and Standardized Tests
4.6 Radiation Stability
4.7 Other Properties Relevant to Wasteforms
4.8 Use of Nonradioactive Surrogates
References
5: Radioactive Wastes
5.1 Sources and Waste Stream Compositions
5.1.1 Nuclear Reactor Spent Fuel Wastes
5.1.2 Defence Wastes
5.1.3 Surplus Materials
5.1.4 Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Waste
5.2 General Immobilization Options
References
6: Immobilization by Vitrification
6.1 Vitrification History and the Advancement of Melter Design
6.1.1 Pot Processes
6.1.2 Continuous Melting by Induction Furnace
6.1.3 Joule-Heated Ceramic Melters
6.1.4 Cold Crucible Induction Melters
6.1.5 Plasma Arc/Torch Melters
6.1.6 Microwave Processing
6.1.7 In situ Melting
6.1.8 Bulk Vitrification
6.1.9 Alternative Melting Techniques
6.1.10 Vitrification Incidents and the Lessons that Have Been Learnt
6.2 Difficult Waste Constituents
6.2.1 Molybdenum and Caesium
6.2.2 Platinum Group Metals
6.2.3 Technetium
6.2.4 Chromium, Nickel and Iron
6.2.5 Halides
6.2.6 Sulphates
6.2.7 Phosphates
6.3 Effect of Specific Batch Additives on Melting Performance
6.4 Types of Glass and Candidate Glass Requirements
6.4.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glass
6.4.2 Phosphate Glasses
6.4.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses
6.4.4 Alternative Glasses
6.5 Glass-Forming Ability
6.6 Alternative Methods for Producing Glassy Wasteforms
6.6.1 Sintered and Porous Glass
6.6.2 Hot-Pressed Glass
6.6.3 Microwave Sintering
6.6.4 Self-Sustaining Vitrification
6.6.5 Plasma Torch Incineration and Vitrification
References
7: Immobilization of RadioactiveMaterials as a Ceramic Wasteform
7.1 Titanate and Zirconate Ceramics
7.2 Phosphate Ceramics
7.3 Aluminosilicate Ceramics
7.4 Alternative Ceramics
7.5 Cement Based Systems
References
8: Immobilization of RadioactiveMaterials as a Glass-Ceramic Wasteform
8.1 Barium Aluminosilicate Glass-Ceramics
8.2 Barium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics
8.3 Calcium Magnesium Silicate Glass-Ceramics
8.4 Calcium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics
8.5 Basaltic Glass-Ceramics
8.6 Zirconolite Based Glass-Ceramics
8.7 Alternative Silicate Based Glass-Ceramics
8.8 Phosphate Based Glass-Ceramics
References
9: Novel Hosts for the Immobilization of Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Wastes
9.1 Silicate Glasses
9.2 Phosphate Glasses
9.3 Alternative Vitrification Routes
9.4 Ceramic-Based Hosts
9.5 Glass-Encapsulated Composite and Hybrid Systems
9.6 Oxynitride Glasses
9.7 Plutonium Disposition
References
10: Properties of Radioactive Wasteforms
10.1 Thermal Stability
10.2 Chemical Durability
10.2.1 General Principles of Glass Durability
10.2.2 Durability of Slicate Based Glasses in Water
10.2.3 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Groundwaters and Repository Environments
10.2.4 Durability of Phosphate Based Glasses
10.2.5 Lessons to be Learnt from Archaeological Glasses
10.2.6 Ceramic Durability
10.2.7 Glass-Ceramic Durability
10.2.8 Durability of Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Wasteforms
10.2.9 Influence of Colloids
10.3 Radiation Stability
10.3.1 Glass Stability
10.3.2 Ceramic Stability
10.3.3 Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Stability
10.4 Natural Analogues
10.5 Mechanical Properties
10.6 Alternative Properties
References
11: Structural and Modelling Studies
11.1 Structural Studies
11.1.1 Vitreous Wasteforms
11.1.2 Ceramic Wasteforms
11.2 Modelling Studies
11.2.1 Modelling Techniques
11.2.2 Vitreous Wasteforms
11.2.3 Ceramic Wasteforms
References
12: Sources and Compositions of Nonradioactive Toxic and HazardousWastes, and Common Disposal Routes
12.1 Incinerator Wastes
12.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges
12.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes
12.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts
12.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags
12.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes
12.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations
12.8 Cement Dust and Clay-Refining Wastes
12.9 Tannery Industry Wastes
12.10 Asbestos
12.11 Medical Wastes
12.12 Electrical and Electronic Wastes
12.13 Alternative Wastes
References
13: Vitrification of Nonradioactive Toxicand Hazardous Wastes
13.1 Incinerator Wastes
13.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges
13.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes
13.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts
13.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags
13.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes
13.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations
13.8 Cement Dust, Clay-Refining and Tannery Industry Wastes
13.9 Asbestos
13.10 Medical Wastes
13.11 Electrical and Electronic Wastes
13.12 Alternative Wastes
13.13 Mixed Nonradioactive Hazardous Wastes
13.14 Glass-Ceramics for Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization
13.15 Commercial Hazardous Waste Vitrification Facilities
References
14: Alternative Treatment Processes, and Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms
14.1 Alternatives to Vitrification
14.2 Use of Alternative Waste Sources to Prepare New Materials
14.3 Use of Waste Glass to Prepare New Materials
14.4 Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms
14.4.1 Mechanical Properties
14.4.2 Chemical Durability
14.4.3 Structural and Modelling Studies
14.4.4 Use of Less Hazardous or Nontoxic Surrogates
14.5 Applications
References
15: Influence of Organic, Micro-organismand Microbial Activity on Wasteform Integrity
15.1 Micro-Organism Activity and Transport Mechanisms
15.2 Repository Environments
15.3 Repository Analogues
15.4 Wasteforms
References
16: Concluding Remarks, Comparisons between Radioactive and Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization,and Outlook for the Future
16.1 Mixed Radioactive and Nonradioactive Wastes
16.2 System and Wasteform Comparisons
16.2.1 Treatment Facilities
16.2.2 Wasteforms
16.3 Immediate and Short-Term Future Outlook
16.4 Medium and Longer Term Future Outlook
16.4.1 Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
16.4.2 Element Partitioning and Transmutation
16.5 Choosing A Wasteform
16.5.1 Wasteforms Studied in the Past and Short-Term Future Direction
16.5.2 Alternative Wasteforms and Longer Term Future Direction
16.6 Wasteform Characterization
16.7 Standards, Regulatory Requirements, and Performance Assessments
16.8 Overall Conclusions
References
Index

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