Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner

Name: Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner
Brand: Schlütersche
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Sylvia Caroline Djajadiningrat-Laanen Björn Ekesten Barbara Nell Katrin Voelter(Autor*in)

Frans C. Stades Michael Boevé(Herausgeber*in)

Schlütersche (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 6. Juni 2025

312 Seiten

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Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Body
Editors and authors
Figure sources and credits
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Clinical and differential diagnostic procedures
2.1 Description of the patient
2.2 Patient history
2.3 Animal handling, equipment, and instruments
2.3.1 Restraint and sedation
2.3.2 Materials and instruments
2.4 Assessment of visual function
2.5 Examination of the eye and its adnexa
2.5.1 Head, skull, and orbital area
2.5.2 Tear film and tear production
2.5.3 Ocular discharge
2.5.4 Eyelids (palpebrae)
2.5.5 Conjunctiva
2.5.6 Globe (bulbus oculi)
2.5.7 Sclera
2.5.8 Cornea
2.5.9 Anterior and posterior chambers
2.5.10 Pupil and iris
2.5.11 Lens
2.5.12 Vitreous
2.5.13 Fundus
2.5.13.1 Morphology of the fundus
2.5.14 Additional and specific examinations
2.5.14.1 Chromatic pupillary light responses
2.5.14.2 Electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs)
2.5.14.3 Diagnostic imaging techniques: radiographic, ultrasonographic, CT, and MRI examinations
2.5.14.4 Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and OCT
2.6 Differential diagnosis
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Epiphora without distinct blepharospasm
2.6.3 Blepharospastic/painful eye with sufficient or excessive tear production
2.6.4 Protrusion of the nictitating membrane with enophthalmos
2.6.5 Exophthalmos
2.6.6 The "red" eye
2.6.7 The "blue-white" cornea
2.6.8 The "pigmented" eye
2.6.9 The "blind" eye
3 Therapeutics, diagnostics, and surgical principles for ophthalmic diseases
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The conjunctival sac
3.1.2 Subconjunctival
3.1.3 Retrobulbar
3.1.4 Intraocular
3.1.5 General rules
3.2 Ocular therapeutic and diagnostic agents
3.2.1 Vasoconstrictors
3.2.2 Antiallergic agents (generally replaced by glucocorticosteroids today)
3.2.3 Antiglaucoma agents
3.2.3.1 Moderating production of aqueous: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
3.2.3.2 Osmotic agents
3.2.3.3 ß-blocking agents
3.2.3.4 Prostaglandin analogues
3.2.3.5 Sympathomimetics
3.2.3.6 Miotics. Improving drainage of aqueous
3.2.4 Mydriatics
3.2.5 Antimicrobial agents
3.2.5.1 "Initial choice" antimicrobials/disinfectants
3.2.5.2 "Second choice" antibacterials
3.2.5.3 "Specific choice" antibacterials
3.2.5.4 Antimycotics
3.2.5.5 Virostatic drugs: DNA-synthesis inhibitors
3.2.6 Glucocorticosteroids
3.2.7 Administration
3.2.7.1 Topical, into the conjunctival sac
3.2.7.2 Subconjunctival
3.2.7.3 Oral
3.2.8 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
3.2.9 Topical anesthetics
3.2.10 Vitamins, epithelializing agents, and neutral agents
3.2.11 Eye wash solutions (Collyria)
3.2.12 Other "drugs" for ocular use
3.2.12.1 Diagnostic agents
3.2.12.2 Mucolytic and discharge-dissolving agents
3.2.12.3 Antihypertensive agents (in secondary retinopathy)
3.2.12.4 Other drugs for ophthalmic use (additional reading, Herring 2021)
3.2.13 Radiation
3.2.14 Protective devices
3.3 Surgical options
3.3.1 Anesthesia
3.3.2 Preparation of the surgical field
3.3.3 Positioning on the operating table
3.3.4 Draping
3.3.5 Magnifying equipment
3.3.6 Surgical equipment
3.3.7 Suture material
3.3.8 Suturing
3.3.9 Hemostasis
3.3.10 Cryosurgery
3.3.11 Laser techniques
4 Ocular emergencies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Luxation or proptosis of the globe
4.3 Chemical burns
4.4 Blunt trauma
4.4.1 Orbital fractures
4.4.2 Contusion of the globe
4.4.2.1 Suffusion (hyposphagma)
4.4.2.2 Traumatic corneal edema
4.4.2.3 Hyphema
4.4.2.4 Blunt trauma with deeper penetration
4.5 Penetrating or perforating trauma
4.5.1 Lid lacerations and conjunctival sac wounds
4.5.1.1 Lacerations of the lid margin including the lacrimal canaliculus
4.5.1.2 Lacerations with loss of tissue
4.5.2 Conjunctival lacerations
4.5.3 Corneal lacerations
4.5.3.1 General rules of treatment
4.5.3.2 Non-perforating corneal wounds
4.5.3.3 Perforating corneal defects
5 Orbit and globe
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Clinical presentation of orbital diseases
5.2.1 Enophthalmos
5.2.2 Exophthalmos
5.2.3 Luxation or proptosis of the globe or bulbus
5.2.4 Strabismus
5.3 Causes of orbital diseases
5.3.1 Atrophy of orbital/periorbital tissue
5.3.2 Sympathetic denervation/Horner's syndrome
5.3.3 Masticatory muscle myositis
5.3.4 Orbital muscle myositis
5.3.5 Other retrobulbar processes
5.3.6 Orbital fat prolapse/Prolapse of the Harderian gland
5.4 Clinical presentation and causes of bulbar diseases
5.4.1 Anophthalmia, cyclopia, microphthalmia
5.4.2 Phthisis bulbi
5.4.3 Macrophthalmos
5.4.4 Buphthalmos/hydrophthalmos
5.4.5 Endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis
5.4.6 Nystagmus
5.5 Surgery of globe and orbit
5.5.1 Enucleation of the globe or bulbus
5.5.1.1 Lateral subconjunctival approach
5.5.1.2 Transpalpebral approach
5.5.2 Evisceratio bulbi
5.5.3 Exenteratio orbitae
5.5.4 Orbitotomy
6 Lacrimal secretory and drainage systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Diseases of the lacrimal secretory system
6.2.1 Quantitative tear film deficiencies Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
6.2.2 Qualitative tear film deficiencies
6.2.3 (Sialo)dacryoadenitis
6.2.4 Cysts and neoplasms
6.2.5 Prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland and the Harderian gland
6.3 Diseases of the nasolacrimal drainage system
6.3.1 Atresia, micropunctum, stenosis of the lacrimal puncta
6.3.2 Atresia and secondary closure of the canaliculi
6.3.3 Dacryocystitis
6.3.4 Lacerations and other reasons for obstruction
6.3.5 Cysts and neoplasms
7 Eyelids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ankyloblepharon
7.3 Palpebral aplasia
7.4 Dermoids/dysplasia of the lid
7.5 Distichiasis
7.6 Entropion
7.6.1 Entropion in sheep and horses
7.7 Ectropion and/or macroblepharon (oversized palpebral fissure)
7.7.1 Shortening of the lower palpebral conjunctiva
7.7.1.1 Basting the ventral palpebral conjunctiva
7.7.1.2 V-Y method
7.7.2 Simple wedge resection
7.7.3 Kuhnt-Szymanowski method
7.7.4 Kuhnt-Szymanowski method, Blaskovics modification (additional reading, Blaskovics 1959)
7.7.5 Z-plasty/free transplants
7.7.6 Total fissure shortening methods
7.8 Blepharophimosis
7.9 Trichiasis
7.9.1 Nasal fold trichiasis, medial entropion, macroblepharon, associated with shallow orbits
7.9.1.1 Removal of nasal folds
7.9.1.2 Medial canthoplasty
7.9.2 Upper eyelid trichiasis/entropion
7.9.3 Caruncle trichiasis and trichiasis in other locations
7.10 Injuries
7.11 Ptosis
7.12 Lagophthalmos
7.13 Blepharitis
7.13.1 Non-specific blepharitis
7.13.2 Chronic blepharitis
7.13.3 Specific blepharitis
7.13.3.1 Chalazion/hordeolum
7.13.3.2 Blepharitis adenomatosa (meibomianitis)
7.13.3.3 Juxtapalpebral defects/granulomatous changes
7.13.3.4 Eosinophilic granuloma
7.13.3.5 Blepharitis in birds
7.13.3.6 Blepharitis in horses
7.14 Neoplasia of the eyelids
7.14.1 Sarcoids in horses
8 Conjunctiva and nictitating membrane
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Non-pigmented margin of the nictitating membrane
8.3 Dermoid
8.4 Ectopic cilia
8.5 Protrusion of the nictitating membrane
8.6 Cysts
8.7 Eversion/inversion of the nictitating membrane
8.8 Prolapse of the gland of the nictitating membrane ("cherry eye")
8.9 Subconjunctival hemorrhages
8.10 Conjunctivitis
8.10.1 Serous/catarrhal conjunctivitis
8.10.2 Purulent conjunctivitis
8.10.3 Follicular conjunctivitis
8.10.4 Plasmacellular conjunctivitis of the nictitating membrane
8.10.5 Papillary/nodular/granulomatous conjunctivitis
8.10.6 Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum)
8.10.7 Allergic conjunctivitis
8.10.8 Lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis
8.10.9 Infectious bovine/ovine keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)
8.11 Eosinophilic granuloma
8.12 Symblepharon
8.13 Conjunctival stricture in the rabbit
8.14 Neoplasia of the conjunctiva
9 Cornea and sclera
9.1 Corneal diseases and disorders
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Clinical signs
9.1.3 Location of lesions and causes
9.1.4 Regeneration
9.1.5 Delayed epithelialization
9.2 Congenital corneal disorders
9.2.1 Microcornea
9.2.2 Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM)
9.2.3 Dermoid
9.3 Corneal trauma
9.4 Inflammatory corneal disease/keratitis
9.4.1 Superficial keratitis (non-ulcerative)
9.4.1.1 Chronic superficial keratitis/pannus (Überreiter's disease)
9.4.1.2 Eosinophilic keratitis
9.4.1.3 Pigmentary keratopathy/pigmentary keratitis
9.4.2 Deep or interstitial keratitis/keratitis profunda (non-ulcerative)
9.5 Corneal defects, erosions, and ulcers
9.5.1 Corneal defects
9.5.1.1 Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defect
9.5.1.2 Punctate keratitis
9.5.1.3 Ulcerative corneal disorders
9.5.1.4 Deep corneal ulcers
9.6 Corneal sequestrum
9.7 Corneal perforation
9.8 Infectious corneal diseases
9.8.1 (Herpetic) keratitis
9.8.2 Infectious bovine/ovine keratoconjunctivitis
9.8.3 Mycotic corneal infections
9.8.4 Corneal abscess (horse)
9.9 Degenerative/dystrophic corneal disorders
9.9.1 Degenerative corneal disorders
9.9.2 Corneal dystrophies
9.9.2.1 Epithelial/stromal dystrophy
9.9.2.2 Corneal macular dystrophy
9.9.2.3 Endothelial dystrophy, endothelial decompensation
9.9.3 Corneal inclusion cysts
9.10 Scleral diseases
9.10.1 (Epi)scleritis
9.10.2 Scleral neoplasia
10 Intraocular pressure and glaucoma
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Glaucoma
10.2.1 Classifications of glaucoma
10.2.1.1 Etiology
10.2.1.2 Stage of disease
10.2.1.3 Classification of primary glaucoma based on the appearance of the iridocorneal angle
10.2.2 Clinical aspects of glaucoma
10.2.2.1 Clinical signs of glaucoma
10.2.3 Primary glaucoma
10.2.3.1 Acute or insidious onset: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)
10.2.4 Treatment
10.2.4.1 Medical treatment
10.2.4.2 Surgical treatment and photocoagulation
10.2.5 Secondary glaucoma
10.2.5.1 Secondary glaucoma associated with the lens or vitreous
10.2.5.2 Secondary glaucoma associated with uveal changes
10.2.5.3 Secondary glaucoma associated with hyperpigmentation, ocular (uveal) melanosis and melanocytic glaucoma
10.2.5.4 Secondary glaucoma associated with trauma
10.2.5.5 Secondary glaucoma associated with intraocular neoplasia
10.2.5.6 Secondary glaucoma associated with medication
10.2.5.7 Secondary glaucoma associated with intraocular surgery
11 Uvea
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Iris
11.1.2 Ciliary body
11.1.3 Choroid
11.2 Persistent (epi)pupillary membrane
11.3 Iris hypoplasia
11.4 Acorea
11.5 Heterochromia of the iris
11.6 Blue iris/white coat
11.6.1 Color dilution and ocular abnormalities
11.6.2 Coat, iris color and deafness
11.6.3 Partial oculocutaneous albinism
11.7 Color changes in the iris
11.8 Uveal cysts
11.9 Hyphema
11.9.1 Dysplastic vascular abnormalities
11.9.2 Trauma
11.9.3 Vascular wall injury
11.9.4 Systemic arterial hypertension
11.9.5 Coagulation disorders
11.9.6 Anterior uveitis
11.9.7 Neoplasms
11.10 Anterior uveitis (posterior uveitis)
11.10.1 Traumatic uveitis
11.10.2 Metabolic uveitis
11.10.3 Infection-related uveitis
11.10.3.1 Viral
11.10.3.2 Bacterial
11.10.3.3 Ehrlichia and rickettsia
11.10.3.4 Mycotic
11.10.3.5 Algae
11.10.3.6 Protozoal
11.10.3.7 Nematodes
11.10.4 Immune-mediated uveitis
11.10.4.1 Lens-induced uveitis
11.10.4.2 Uveodermatologic syndrome (UDS)
11.10.4.3 Lupus erythematosus (LE)
11.10.5 Idiopathic uveitis
11.10.6 Pseudo-uveitis caused by neoplasia
11.10.7 Equine recurrent uveitis
11.10.8 Heterochromic iridocyclitis and keratitis (HIK) in the horse
11.10.9 Anterior uveitis in the rabbit
11.11 Iris atrophy
11.12 Dysautonomia or pupillary dilatation syndrome (Key-Gaskell syndrome)
11.13 Horner's syndrome
11.14 Other pupillary abnormalities
11.15 Neoplasia
11.16 Posterior uvea
12 Lens and vitreous
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Ontogenesis
12.1.2 Anatomy and physiology of the lens
12.1.3 Anatomy and physiology of the vitreous
12.2 Developmental disorders of the lens and vitreous
12.2.1 Aphakia/coloboma/spherophakia/microphakia/lenticonus/lentiglobus
12.2.2 Persistent hyaloid artery (PHA)
12.2.3 Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHTVL)/persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV)
12.3 Cataract
12.3.1 Classification of cataracts
12.3.1.1 Type
12.3.1.2 Degree of maturation
12.3.1.3 Age of onset
12.3.1.4 Localization
12.3.1.5 Etiology
12.3.2 Treatment of cataract
12.3.2.1 Considerations before cataract surgery
12.3.2.2 Cataract surgery
12.3.2.3 Preventive management of cataract in populations
12.4 Lens (sub)luxation
12.5 Vitreous degeneration
12.6 Vitreous floaters, asteroid hyalosis, and synchysis scintillans
12.6.1 Vitreous floaters
12.6.2 Asteroid hyalosis
12.6.3 Synchysis scintillans
12.7 Hemorrhages and/or exudates in the vitreous
12.7.1 Blood
12.7.2 Exudate
12.8 Retinal detachment and intraocular neoplasms
13 Fundus and optic nerve
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Ontogenesis
13.1.2 Retina
13.1.3 Optic nerve head (ONH) and vascular supply
13.1.4 Postretinal pathways
13.1.5 Choroid
13.1.6 Scotopic and photopic vision
13.2 Visual impairment and abnormal appearance of the fundus
13.2.1 Visual impairment
13.2.2 Retinal vasculature and hemorrhages
13.2.2.1 Retinal blood vessels
13.2.2.2 Hemorrhages
13.2.3 Pigmentation in the tapetal and non-tapetal fundus
13.2.3.1 Color similar to that of the non-tapetal fundus
13.2.3.2 Abnormal tapetal reflection
13.2.3.3 Tapetal hyperreflection
13.2.3.4 Tapetal hyporeflection
13.2.3.5 Dots and curvilinear streaks
13.2.3.6 Bullous, blister- or vesicle-like areas
13.2.3.7 Abnormal appearance of the optic nerve head (ONH)
13.2.3.8 Odd structures
13.2.3.9 No ophthalmoscopically detectable abnormalities
13.3 Aplasia
13.4 Micropapilla and hypoplasia of the optic nerve head (ONH)
13.5 Coloboma
13.6 Retinal dysplasia (RD)
13.7 Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)
13.8 Lysosomal storage diseases
13.9 Hereditary retinal degenerations and dystrophies
13.9.1 Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
13.9.2 Hereditary (stationary) night blindness
13.9.3 Achromatopsia (hereditary day blindness)
13.9.4 Other hereditary retinal dystrophies
13.9.5 Canine multifocal retinopathy (CMR)
13.10 Hemorrhages and other vascular abnormalities
13.10.1 Hypertensive retinopathy
13.10.2 Lipemia retinalis
13.11 Nutritional deficiencies
13.11.1 Vitamin A deficiency
13.11.2 Vitamin E deficiency and retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (RPED)
13.11.3 Thiamine or vitamin B1 deficiency
13.11.4 Taurine deficiency and feline central degeneration (FCRD)
13.12 Intoxications
13.12.1 Enrofloxacin and fluoroquinolones
13.12.2 Ivermectin and other macrocyclic lactones
13.13 Trauma
13.14 Posterior uveitis/chorioretinitis/retinitis
13.14.1 Working dog retinopathy (WDR)
13.14.2 Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)
13.14.3 Uveodermatologic syndrome/VKH
13.15 Retinal detachment (ablatio retinae)
13.16 Glaucomatous retinopathy
13.17 Papilledema
13.18 Optic neuritis
13.19 Neoplasia
13.20 Amaurosis and amblyopia
14 Breed predispositions and hereditary eye diseases
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Is the abnormality inherited?
14.3 Modes of inheritance
14.3.1 Monogenic and polygenic disorders
14.3.1.1 Autosomal dominant
14.3.1.2 Autosomal recessive
14.3.1.3 Sex-linked
14.3.1.4 Polygenic
14.3.2 Penetrance and expressivity
14.4 Some strategies for finding mutations causing eye diseases
14.4.1 Candidate gene approach
14.4.2 Linkage analysis
14.4.3 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
14.4.4 Whole genome sequencing (WGS)
14.5 Breed predispositions and hereditary eye diseases
14.6 DNA tests for hereditary eye diseases
14.6.1 Limitations of and concerns about DNA tests
14.6.2 Available DNA tests
14.7 Veterinary advice regarding hereditary eye diseases
Appendix
Glossary of terms related to the eye
References
Index
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