Acronyms, Initialisms, Symbols and Units used in this book

Acronyms and Initialisms

4WD     four-wheel drive ABS     anti-lock braking system a.c. (or AC)     alternating current AFC     alkaline fuel cell AGM     absorptive glass-mat (battery separator) ALABC     Advanced Lead–Acid Battery Consortium AMT     Automated Manual Transmission APU     auxiliary power unit AWD     all-wheel drive BEV     battery electric vehicle B-ISG     belt-driven integrated starter–generator BMS     battery-management system BRIC     Brazil, Russia, India, China (group of nations at similar stages of development) BRT     bus rapid transit CAFE     corporate average fuel economy CAN     controller area network CAPP     Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CB     conduction band CC     climate change CCGT     combined-cycle gas turbine CCS     carbon capture and storage CHIC     Clean Hydrogen in European Cities CHP     combined heat and power CI     compression-ignition (diesel engine or vehicle) C-ISG     crankshaft-mounted integrated starter–generator CNG     compressed natural gas CR     compression ratio (of engine) CTL     coal-to-liquids CSIRO     Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) CUTE     Clean Urban Transport for Europe CV     commercial vehicle CVT     continuously variable transmission d.c. (or DC)     direct current DCA     dynamic charge-acceptance DCT     dual-clutch transmission (or double-clutch transmission) DME     dimethyl ether DMFC     direct methanol fuel cell DoD     depth-of-discharge DPF     diesel particulate filter DSSC     dye-sensitized solar cell EBD     electronic brake force distribution ECTOS     Ecological City Transport System ECU     electronic (or engine) control unit EFB     enhanced flooded battery EMS     engine-management system EPA     Environmental Protection Agency (USA) E-REV     extended-range electric vehicle ESC     electronic stability control ETP     Energy Technology Perspectives (IEA) EU     European Union EV     electric vehicle E2W     electric two-wheeled cycle FC     fuel cell FCEB     fuel cell electric bus FCHV     fuel cell hybrid vehicle FCV     fuel cell vehicle FEHRL     Forum of European Highway Research Laboratories FTA     Federal Transportation Agency (USA) GDP     gross domestic product GE     General Electric GHG     greenhouse gas GM     General Motors GNI     gross national income GPS     global positioning system GRT     group rapid transit GTL     gas-to-liquids GVW     gross vehicle weight HC     hydrocarbons HCCI     homogeneous charge compression ignition HEV     hybrid electric vehicle HF     high frequency HGV     heavy goods vehicle HHV     higher heating value HRPSoC     high-rate partial-state-of-charge ICE     internal combustion engine ICEV     internal combustion-engined vehicle IEA     International Energy Agency IGBT     insulated-gate bipolar transistors IGCC     integrated gasification combined-cycle IPCC     the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISG     integrated starter–generator LAB     lead–acid battery LDV     light-duty vehicle (cars and vans/light trucks) LED     light-emitting diode LFP     lithium iron phosphate (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery) LH2     liquid hydrogen LHV     lower heating value LIB     lithium-ion battery LNG     liquid natural gas LPG     liquid petroleum gas MCFC     molten carbonate fuel cell MEA     membrane electrode assembly MOSFET     metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor MPV     multi-purpose vehicle NCA     lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery) NEDC     New European Drive Cycle Ni-MH     nickel-metal-hydride(battery) NMC     lithium nickel manganese cobalt (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery) NOx     nitrogen oxides NREL     National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA) NVH     noise, vibration and hardness OECD     Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OICA     Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles OPEC     Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries PAFC     phosphoric acid fuel cell PEMFC     proton exchange membrane fuel cell (or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell) PHEV     plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PM     particulate...